Slope and ocean tings

Question 1

Slope elements + characteristics

Answer 1

Crest - horizontal shape - lies on top of hill - soil creep, 0 degrees
Free face - almost vertical slope - mass wasting + undercutting, 90 degrees, sheer cliffs + falls
Talus slope - concave - 35 degrees, deposition+erosion of litter(large rocks) and scree(small rocks), 35 degrees
Knick Point between Talus slope and Pediment
Pediment - Concave slope - abrasion + attrition of small pebbles. Deposition, 0-5 degrees

Question 2

Parallel slope retreat

Answer 2

slope angle and length remains constant and retreats parallel to
itself. pediment increases in length over time.

Question 3

Major oceans

Answer 3

Pacific, Atlantic, arctic, indian

Question 4

Importance of oceans

Answer 4

Moisture for the atmosphere

Renewable oxygen supply for the atmosphere

Protein foods

Energy supply

Question 5

Renewable o2?

Answer 5

Can hold a lot of o2, allows o2 transfer between water and air, greenhouse gases like co2 make it harder o2 gaseous exchange

Question 6

Ocean as protein

Answer 6

Fish major contributor to protein. Fish require plankton which survive conditions rich in nitrates and phosphates and have an abundance of sunlight. These favorable nutrients found eastern side of boundary currents like the Benguela. These currents typically flow near ocean floor and due to upwelling creates good environment for fish

Question 7

Ocean as energy

Answer 7

Tidal Power

Wind Turbines in oceans

Oil and gas from oceanic areas

Question 8

Ocean currents

Answer 8

Warm - Agulhas, Kuroshio(near jpn), N atlantic drift, E australian etc
Cold - Benguela, Oyashio(jpn) , Peru, Canary

Question 9

Ocean Gyre

Answer 9

large system of circular o currents formed by global wind patterns and Coriolis force. Movement of gyres circulates o water around planet

Question 10

Oceanic circulation

Answer 10

As result of salinity changes in ocean which affects water density(due to increased rainfall, temp etc) natural drift in oceans.Less saline tropical water filters down to more saline nutrient rich polar
waters.

Question 11

Thermohaline circulation

Answer 11

Begins in polar regions. Ocean water gets very cold, sea ice forms, surrounding water saltier , increases in density and sinks. Winds drive ocean currents in the upper 100 meters of the ocean’s
surface.

Question 12

Upwelling

Answer 12

Wind blows along shore, Ekman transport pushes surface water out to sea, upwelling along coast, Where the warm surface wind meets the cold upwelled water fog will occur due to condensation.

Question 13

Air masses that originate over oceans

Answer 13

Maritime air masses

Question 14

Role of oceans in moderating temp

Answer 14

Ocean receives same amount of insolation as land but water high albedo so most gets reflected. Oceans retain heat longer than land but take twice as long to heat up due to water temp being twice as much as land. Ocean currents + tides distribute heat over large area

Question 15

Anomalies in terms of oceans

Answer 15

Positive anomaly - ocean current temp higher than actual temp of region
negative - opposite of positive

Question 16

Role of oceans in world trade

Answer 16

Transport of goods. primary resources, manufactured goods, oil etc traded in containers. Man made canals, trade routes

Question 17

Problems with oceans as world trade

Answer 17

Water pollution(oil, lead , sewerage etc)

Question 18

Oceans as climate controllers

Answer 18

Oceans have moderating effect on temp, they affect temp and rain

Question 19

Short def of upwelling

Answer 19

Cold water from deep thermohaline circulation rises to surface

Question 20

Impacts of La Nina

Answer 20

Subsidence and drier conditions in Africa and result in better rains but can also result in more flooding.

Question 21

Impacts of El Nino

Answer 21

rising air and wetter conditions. El nino events occur every few years and in between conditions are normal. can cause devastating droughts.

Question 22

ENSO

Answer 22

El Nino Southern Oscillation