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2nd Year > SLK 220 Sem test 1&2 > Flashcards

SLK 220 Sem test 1&2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 criteria for natural selection

A

survival and reproduction

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2
Q

what is the biological starting point of social psychology

A

being social improves survival and reproduction

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3
Q

what are the 4 evolutionary benefits of being social
MAFT

A

Mate and reproduce easier
Alert each other to danger
Find more food
Take care of sick and injured

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4
Q

which part of the brain is bigger in people who are more social

A

orbital prefrontal cortex

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5
Q

what is the social brain theory

A

animals with bigger brains live in longer, more complex social groups

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6
Q

what is the cultural animal theory

A

evolution shaped the human psyche so as to enable humans to create and take part in culture

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7
Q

what can culture be considered as

A

a system of many moving parts that work together

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8
Q

what are the 4 important features of culture
SCCC

A

Shared ideas
Culture as a social system
Culture as praxis
Culture, information and meaning

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9
Q

what is the relative age effect

A

children born earlier in the year are more advanced and therefore tend to get more oportunities regarding sports and academics

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10
Q

what is precarious manhood

A

men respond with aggression when they experience threats to their masculinity

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11
Q

what is individualism

A

people take care of themselves and choose how to act

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12
Q

what is collectivism

A

maintaining relationships and getting along with others is more important than doing whatever you want

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13
Q

what is co-evolution

A

nature and culture changed together and shaped eachother

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14
Q

what is the duplex mind

A

the idea that the mind has 2 different processing systems

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15
Q

what are the 2 main systems of the duplex mind

A

the automatic system and the deliberate system

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16
Q

what is conscious override

A

when the automatic and deliberate systems work against eachother

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17
Q

what are the 3 components of the self

A

self-knowledge
interpersonal self
agent self

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18
Q

what is the other term for self-knowledge

A

self-concept

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19
Q

what is the other term for the interpersonal self

A

public self

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20
Q

what is the other term for the agent self

A

executive function

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21
Q

what is self-construal

A

a way of thinking about the self

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22
Q

what is independent self-construal

A

emphasises what makes the self different and sets it apart from others

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23
Q

what is interdependent self-construal

A

emphasises what connects the self to other people and groups.

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24
Q

define self-awareness

A

attention directed at the self

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25
Q

what are the 2 kinds of self awareness

A

private and public

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26
Q

what is the self awareness theory

A

suggests that some situations lead to self-awareness

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27
Q

what is the looking glass self

A

how people learn about themselves from others

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28
Q

what are the 3 components of the looking glass self

A

imagining how you appear to others
imagining how others will judge you
develop an emotional response as a result of this imagining

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29
Q

define introspection

A

when a person examines the contents of their mind and mental states

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30
Q

what are the 2 limits of introspection

A

developmental and people not realizing how their minds work

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31
Q

what is the theory of social comparison

A

looking at the difference between oneself and another person

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32
Q

what are the 2 types of social comaprison

A

upwards and downwards

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33
Q

what is the self-perception theory

A

people observe their own behaviour to deduce what they’re thinking/how they’re feeling

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34
Q

what is one of the most important instances of self perception

A

motivation

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35
Q

what are the 2 kinds of motivation

A

intrinsic and extrinsic

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36
Q

what is intrinsic motivation

A

wanting to perform an activity for its own sake

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37
Q

what is extrinsic motivation

A

performing an activity because of what results from it

38
Q

what is the overjustification effect

A

intrinsic motivation decreases for activities that become associated with rewards. rewards transform play into work

39
Q

what are the 3 reasons for wanting self knowledge
SAC

A

self-enhancement motive
appraisal motive
consistency motive

40
Q

what is the self-reference effect

A

info relating to the self is processed and remembered better and more thoroughly than other info

41
Q

what is the endowment effect

A

items gain in value to the person who owns them

42
Q

define self-esteem

A

how favourably someone evaluates themself

43
Q

what are the 3 positive illusions that characterise the thought processes of ‘normal people’
OOU

A

overestimate their goods
overestimate their control
unrealistically optimistic

44
Q

what are self-deception strategies

A

mental tricks that people use to help them believe things that are false

45
Q

what is self-serving bias

A

a pattern when people take credit for success but deny blame for failure

46
Q

what are 4 of the harmful consequences of pursuing self-esteem
DIPI

A

damaging relationships
impairing autonomy
potentially harmful to health
impairing learning

47
Q

what is self-presentation

A

behaviours that seek to covey some image/info about the self to other people

48
Q

what are the 2 steps to making choices

A

reduce the range of choices
carefully compare highlighted options

49
Q

what are the 4 influences on choice
RKTT

A

risk aversion
keeping options open
the certainty effect
temporal discounting

50
Q

what is status quo bias

A

the preference to keep things the way they are rather than change

51
Q

what is omission bias

A

taking the course of action that doesn’t require you to do anything

52
Q

what is the reactance theory

A

the idea that people are distressed by the loss of freedom/options so they try to reclaim them.

53
Q

what are the 3 main consequences of reactance
WAT

A

want forbidden option
aggression
try to reclaim lost option

54
Q

what are entity theorists

A

those who believe traits are fixed and stable therefore people shouldn’t be expected to change

55
Q

what are incremental thoerists

A

those who believe traits are subject to change and improvement

56
Q

what is the self-determination theory

A

people need to feel at least some degree of autonomy and internal motivation

57
Q

what is the panic button effect

A

believing that one has an escae option can reduce stress even if the option isnt used

58
Q

what is goal shielding

A

occurs when the activation of a focal goal the person is working on inhibits the accessibility of alternative goals

59
Q

what is planning fallacy

A

belief that one’s own project will proceed as planned, even when knowing that the vast majority of similar projects have run late

60
Q

what is self-regulation

A

the self’s capacity to alter its own response

61
Q

what are the 3 main components of self-regulation
SMS

A

standards
monitoring
strength

62
Q

what is decision fatigue

A

a state of depleted willpower caused by making decisions, which can affect subsequent decisions by causing people to fail to think and choose carefully

63
Q

what is self-defeating behaviour

A

any action by which people bring failure, suffering or misfortune on themselves

64
Q

what is social cognition

A

a 1970s social psychology movement that focused on people’s thoughts about people and social relationships

65
Q

define the term ‘cognitive miser’

A

a term used to describe people’s reluctance to do much extra thinking

66
Q

what is the stroop test

A

a standard measure of effortful control over responses- participants identify the colour of the word instead of the word itself

67
Q

what is the stroop effect

A

The finding that people have difficulty overriding the automatic tendency to read the word rather than the colour it is

68
Q

what are the 5 elements that distinguish automatic processes from deliberate processes
CIA EE

A

control
intention
awareness
effort
efficiency

69
Q

what are knowledge structures

A

organised packets of info that are stored in memory

70
Q

what is a schema

A

knowledge structures that represent substantial info about a concept, its attributes, and its relationship t other concepts

71
Q

what are scripts

A

knowledge structures that define situations and guide behaviour

72
Q

what is priming

A

the process by which a given stimulus activates mental pathways therefore enhancing their accessibility

73
Q

what is framing

A

how info is presented to others

74
Q

what are the 2 types of framing

A

gain-framed appeal
loss-framed appeal

75
Q

what are the 4 main types of attributions that people make when they see themselves or someone else perform

A

internal stable
internal unstable
external stable
external unstable

76
Q

what is the actor/observer bias

A

the tendency for actors to make external attributions and observers to make internal attributions

77
Q

what is the fundamental attribution error

A

the tendency for observers to attribute other people’s behaviour to internal causes and to downplay situational causes

78
Q

what are heuristics

A

mental shortcuts

79
Q

what are the 4 common types of heuristics we use
SARA

A

simulation
availability
representativeness
anchoring and adjustment

80
Q

what are the 2 types of info people typically have access to

A

statistical info
case history info

81
Q

what is confirmation bias

A

the tendency to notice and search for info that confirms one’s beliefs and to ignore info that disconfirms one’s beliefs

82
Q

what is base rate fallacy

A

the tendency to ignore or underuse base rate info and instead be influenced by the distinctive features of the case being judged

83
Q

what is a hot hand

A

The tendency for gamblers who get lucky to think they have a ‘hot’ hand and their luck will continue

84
Q

what is gamblers fallacy

A

the tendency to believe that a particular chance event is affected by previous events and that chances will ‘even out’ in the long run

85
Q

what is the false consensus effect

A

people tend to overestimate the number of people who share their opinions, attitudes, values and beliefs.

86
Q

what is the false uniqueness effect

A

the tendency to underestimate the number of people who share one’s most prized characteristics and abilities

87
Q

what is statistical regression

A

the statistical tendency for extreme scores or extreme behaviour to be followed by others that are less extreme and closer to average

88
Q

what is illusion of control

A

the belief that people can totally control chance situations

89
Q

what is counterfactual thinking

A

imagining alternatives to past or present events

90
Q

what are the 2 types of counterfactual thinking

A

upward and downward

2nd Year (6 decks)

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