SLK 220 Sem test 1&2 Flashcards
what are the 2 criteria for natural selection
survival and reproduction
what is the biological starting point of social psychology
being social improves survival and reproduction
what are the 4 evolutionary benefits of being social
MAFT
Mate and reproduce easier
Alert each other to danger
Find more food
Take care of sick and injured
which part of the brain is bigger in people who are more social
orbital prefrontal cortex
what is the social brain theory
animals with bigger brains live in longer, more complex social groups
what is the cultural animal theory
evolution shaped the human psyche so as to enable humans to create and take part in culture
what can culture be considered as
a system of many moving parts that work together
what are the 4 important features of culture
SCCC
Shared ideas
Culture as a social system
Culture as praxis
Culture, information and meaning
what is the relative age effect
children born earlier in the year are more advanced and therefore tend to get more oportunities regarding sports and academics
what is precarious manhood
men respond with aggression when they experience threats to their masculinity
what is individualism
people take care of themselves and choose how to act
what is collectivism
maintaining relationships and getting along with others is more important than doing whatever you want
what is co-evolution
nature and culture changed together and shaped eachother
what is the duplex mind
the idea that the mind has 2 different processing systems
what are the 2 main systems of the duplex mind
the automatic system and the deliberate system
what is conscious override
when the automatic and deliberate systems work against eachother
what are the 3 components of the self
self-knowledge
interpersonal self
agent self
what is the other term for self-knowledge
self-concept
what is the other term for the interpersonal self
public self
what is the other term for the agent self
executive function
what is self-construal
a way of thinking about the self
what is independent self-construal
emphasises what makes the self different and sets it apart from others
what is interdependent self-construal
emphasises what connects the self to other people and groups.
define self-awareness
attention directed at the self
what are the 2 kinds of self awareness
private and public
what is the self awareness theory
suggests that some situations lead to self-awareness
what is the looking glass self
how people learn about themselves from others
what are the 3 components of the looking glass self
imagining how you appear to others
imagining how others will judge you
develop an emotional response as a result of this imagining
define introspection
when a person examines the contents of their mind and mental states
what are the 2 limits of introspection
developmental and people not realizing how their minds work
what is the theory of social comparison
looking at the difference between oneself and another person
what are the 2 types of social comaprison
upwards and downwards
what is the self-perception theory
people observe their own behaviour to deduce what they’re thinking/how they’re feeling
what is one of the most important instances of self perception
motivation
what are the 2 kinds of motivation
intrinsic and extrinsic
what is intrinsic motivation
wanting to perform an activity for its own sake
what is extrinsic motivation
performing an activity because of what results from it
what is the overjustification effect
intrinsic motivation decreases for activities that become associated with rewards. rewards transform play into work
what are the 3 reasons for wanting self knowledge
SAC
self-enhancement motive
appraisal motive
consistency motive
what is the self-reference effect
info relating to the self is processed and remembered better and more thoroughly than other info
what is the endowment effect
items gain in value to the person who owns them
define self-esteem
how favourably someone evaluates themself
what are the 3 positive illusions that characterise the thought processes of ‘normal people’
OOU
overestimate their goods
overestimate their control
unrealistically optimistic
what are self-deception strategies
mental tricks that people use to help them believe things that are false
what is self-serving bias
a pattern when people take credit for success but deny blame for failure
what are 4 of the harmful consequences of pursuing self-esteem
DIPI
damaging relationships
impairing autonomy
potentially harmful to health
impairing learning
what is self-presentation
behaviours that seek to covey some image/info about the self to other people
what are the 2 steps to making choices
reduce the range of choices
carefully compare highlighted options
what are the 4 influences on choice
RKTT
risk aversion
keeping options open
the certainty effect
temporal discounting
what is status quo bias
the preference to keep things the way they are rather than change
what is omission bias
taking the course of action that doesn’t require you to do anything
what is the reactance theory
the idea that people are distressed by the loss of freedom/options so they try to reclaim them.
what are the 3 main consequences of reactance
WAT
want forbidden option
aggression
try to reclaim lost option
what are entity theorists
those who believe traits are fixed and stable therefore people shouldn’t be expected to change
what are incremental thoerists
those who believe traits are subject to change and improvement
what is the self-determination theory
people need to feel at least some degree of autonomy and internal motivation
what is the panic button effect
believing that one has an escae option can reduce stress even if the option isnt used
what is goal shielding
occurs when the activation of a focal goal the person is working on inhibits the accessibility of alternative goals
what is planning fallacy
belief that one’s own project will proceed as planned, even when knowing that the vast majority of similar projects have run late
what is self-regulation
the self’s capacity to alter its own response
what are the 3 main components of self-regulation
SMS
standards
monitoring
strength
what is decision fatigue
a state of depleted willpower caused by making decisions, which can affect subsequent decisions by causing people to fail to think and choose carefully
what is self-defeating behaviour
any action by which people bring failure, suffering or misfortune on themselves
what is social cognition
a 1970s social psychology movement that focused on people’s thoughts about people and social relationships
define the term ‘cognitive miser’
a term used to describe people’s reluctance to do much extra thinking
what is the stroop test
a standard measure of effortful control over responses- participants identify the colour of the word instead of the word itself
what is the stroop effect
The finding that people have difficulty overriding the automatic tendency to read the word rather than the colour it is
what are the 5 elements that distinguish automatic processes from deliberate processes
CIA EE
control
intention
awareness
effort
efficiency
what are knowledge structures
organised packets of info that are stored in memory
what is a schema
knowledge structures that represent substantial info about a concept, its attributes, and its relationship t other concepts
what are scripts
knowledge structures that define situations and guide behaviour
what is priming
the process by which a given stimulus activates mental pathways therefore enhancing their accessibility
what is framing
how info is presented to others
what are the 2 types of framing
gain-framed appeal
loss-framed appeal
what are the 4 main types of attributions that people make when they see themselves or someone else perform
internal stable
internal unstable
external stable
external unstable
what is the actor/observer bias
the tendency for actors to make external attributions and observers to make internal attributions
what is the fundamental attribution error
the tendency for observers to attribute other people’s behaviour to internal causes and to downplay situational causes
what are heuristics
mental shortcuts
what are the 4 common types of heuristics we use
SARA
simulation
availability
representativeness
anchoring and adjustment
what are the 2 types of info people typically have access to
statistical info
case history info
what is confirmation bias
the tendency to notice and search for info that confirms one’s beliefs and to ignore info that disconfirms one’s beliefs
what is base rate fallacy
the tendency to ignore or underuse base rate info and instead be influenced by the distinctive features of the case being judged
what is a hot hand
The tendency for gamblers who get lucky to think they have a ‘hot’ hand and their luck will continue
what is gamblers fallacy
the tendency to believe that a particular chance event is affected by previous events and that chances will ‘even out’ in the long run
what is the false consensus effect
people tend to overestimate the number of people who share their opinions, attitudes, values and beliefs.
what is the false uniqueness effect
the tendency to underestimate the number of people who share one’s most prized characteristics and abilities
what is statistical regression
the statistical tendency for extreme scores or extreme behaviour to be followed by others that are less extreme and closer to average
what is illusion of control
the belief that people can totally control chance situations
what is counterfactual thinking
imagining alternatives to past or present events
what are the 2 types of counterfactual thinking
upward and downward
