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2nd Year > KRM 220 Exam > Flashcards

KRM 220 Exam Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 8 ways that a relationship can be classified as domestic
SSSPREMD

A

Same-sex partners
sexual relationship
share/shared a residence
parents of a child
romantic relationship
engaged
married
dating

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2
Q

what are the 9 acts that can be considered domestic violence
SSEEPAIDH

A

sexual abuse
stalking
emotional, verbal and psychological abuse
Entry into complainants residence without consent
psychological abuse
Any other controlling or abusive behaviour towards the complainant
intimidation
damage to property
harassment

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3
Q

what does IPID stand for

A

independent police investigative directorate

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4
Q

what does SORMA stand for

A

sexual offences and related matters amendment act

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5
Q

what does MATTSO stand for

A

ministerial advisory task team on the adjudication of sexual offences matters

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6
Q

what are the 2 main categories of offending according to SORMA

A

Rape and sexual assault

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7
Q

what are the other 9 acts that SORMA criminalises
EESSGINBC

A

Exhibitionism
Engaging in sexual activities in the presence of a child under 16
Showing a child porn
Sexual exploitation of children
Grooming a child via the internet
Incest
Necrophilia
Benefitting from child pornography
Child trafficking

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8
Q

what does PEP stand for

A

post-exposure prophylaxis

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9
Q

what 2 offences constitute life imprisonment

A

Rape and muder (certain types)

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10
Q

what 2 types of murder constitute life imprisonment

A

when it was premeditated or body parts were removed

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11
Q

what are the 4 types of rape that constitute life imprisonment
VIPV

A

Victim was raped more than once
It was committed by more than 1 person
Perpetrator knows they are HIV positive
Victim was a child under 16

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12
Q

what is the minimum sentence for other types of murder

A

15 years

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13
Q

what is the minimum sentence for other types of rape

A

10 years if its a first offence

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14
Q

what 4 aspects are specifically excluded as a justification for imposing a lesser sentence than the prescribed minimum sentence
CARA

A

Complainant’s previous sexual history
Apparent lack of physical injury to the complainant
Relationship between the accused person and the complainant prior to the offence being committed
Accused person’s cultural or religious beliefs about rape

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15
Q

what are the 6 different needs of victims
PAINNE

A

Practical needs
Acknowledgement needs
Information needs
Need for understanding
Need for contact with judicial process
Emotional needs

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16
Q

what are the 2 models that distinguish between victim support and victim empowerment

A

Care model
Criminal justice model

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17
Q

what is the care model

A

focuses on the immediate needs of the victim (victim support)

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18
Q

what is the criminal justice model

A

wants to give victims a meaningful role to play in the CJS

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19
Q

what does NCPS stand for

A

National Crime Prevention Strategy

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20
Q

what does VEP stand for

A

Victim empowerment programme

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21
Q

what does VEP emphasise

A

the importance of a victim-centred approach and restorative justice for all victims of violence

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22
Q

What is TCC, when was it established and where

A

Thuthuzela Rape care centre
Cape Town in 2000

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23
Q

what does NPA stand for

A

National prosecuting authority

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24
Q

What does DSD stand for

A

Department of social development

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25
Q

what are the 4 aspects of Thuthuzela’s integrated approach to rape care
RREC

A

Respect
Restoring dignity
ensuring justice for victims
comfort

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26
Q

what is the broad function of the CJS

A

protect victim and society from crime

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27
Q

how does the CJS achieve their goal to protect

A

Arrest
prosecution
imprisonment

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28
Q

what are the 2 earlier forms of victim protection

A

protection orders and witness protection

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29
Q

what are the 3 specialised units for victim assistance

A

Family violence
Child protection
Sexual offences unit

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30
Q

what does SOC stand for

A

sexual offences courts

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31
Q

how many designated SOCs are there

A

56

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32
Q

what do SOCs specialise in

A

hearing sexual offence matters
victim support and protection services

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33
Q

what 5 things do SOCs provide in terms of victim support and protection services
CCPPI

A

Court prep services
CCTV (for testifying outside of courtroom)
Pre and Post-trial trauma debriefing
Private waiting room
Intermediary services

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34
Q

what are the 5 functions of child witness/advocacy programmes
SPAIR

A

Strenghten victim coping strategies
Provide psychological support
Assist child victims with their testimonies
Inform of court processes
Reduce secondary victimisation

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35
Q

what are the 5 ways that hardships may be amplified by increased vulnerablility
CWPDD

A

circumstantial factors
witness’ relationship with defendant
personal characteristics
dangerousness of defendant
disabled children

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36
Q

what are the 7 objectives of restorative justice
RRIISED

A

Repairing relationships damaged by the crime
Reducing recidivism
Identifying restorative outcomes
Identifying factors that lead to crime
Supporting victims
Encouraging the taking of responsibility
Denouncing criminal behaviour

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37
Q

what are the 9 needs of crime victims
AAARGSTCV

A

Access to justice and fair treatment
Assistance and services
Answers to questions
Restitution and apology
Give and receive info
Safety
To have a voice
Contact with CJS
Validation and acknowledgement

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38
Q

what are the 3 pillars of Zehr’s framework of how to understand emotions and behaviour after a crime
OAR

A

Order
Autonomy
Relatedness

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39
Q

what are the 5 elements of restorative justice
CVCCJ

A

Crime is a violation of people and relationships
Violations create obligations
Central obligation is to right the wrongs
Crime is about disrespect
Justice is about respect

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40
Q

what are the 3 elements of ‘justice is about respect’
Respect for the…LPF

A

respect for the life of others
respect for the property of others
respect for the feelings of others

41
Q

what are the 3 pillars of restorative justice
HOE

A

Harms and needs
Obligations to put right
Engagements of stakeholders

42
Q

What are the 3 values of restorative justice
REM

A

Reintegration
Encounter
Making amends

43
Q

what are the 3 concepts of restorative justice
The…TER…conception

A

The TRANSFORMATIVE conception
The ENCOUNTER conception
The REPARATIVE conception

44
Q

what are the 3 basic theories that shape the functioning of the CJS
The…RUR…approach

A

the RETRIBUTIVE approach
the UTILITARIAN DETERRENCE approach
the REHABILITATION approach

45
Q

define political assassination

A

the deliberate, premeditated murder of a prominent figure for political reasons

46
Q

what are the 5 causes of assassinations
DPTLR

A

Domestic violence during election periods
Politically deprived groups
Territorial fragmentation of a country
Lack of consensual political ethos
Restrictions on political competition

47
Q

who are the 5 targets of assassination
LLHOV

A

Legislators
Lower-ranking political figures
Heads of state
Opposition leaders
Vice heads of state

48
Q

what are the 3 implications of the assassination of a head of state
DII

A

Decline in the democratic nature of a polity
Increase in domestic violence
Instability and economic prosperity

49
Q

what is the implication of the assassination of opposition leaders

A

Increase in overall unrest and domestic violence

50
Q

what are the 2 implications of the assassination of legislators
PD

A

Public unrest
Decline in legitimacy of governments

51
Q

what are the 5 roles of policy makers in regard to political assassinations
PASSS

A

Promotion of political and social conditions
Addressing political grievances
Stable and regulated succession mechanisms
Stable routines and protocols, and creations of institutions
Safety of political and opposition leaders

52
Q

what are the 2 roles of law enforcers in regard to political assassinations
MV

A

Most assassins previously involved in crime
Veterans may be preferred to performs assassination

53
Q

what are the 5 acts mentioned in the UN’s defintion of genocide
KIFCD

A

Killing members of a group
Imposing measures to prevent births in a group
Forcibly transferring children to another group
Causing serious mental or bodily harm to members of a group
Deliberately imposing on the group’s life conditions in order to bring about their destruction

54
Q

what are the 5 key definitional elements of genocide
DIGIS

A

Destroy
In part
Groups
Intent
Specific conduct

55
Q

what are the degrees of genocide according to Pramono

A

First degree genocide
Second degree genocide
third degree genocide

56
Q

what are the 3 requirements for first degree genocide
MMD

A

Mental element
Material element
Destruction of a human group

57
Q

what are the 2 requirements for second degree genocide

A

Material element
Destruction of a human group

58
Q

what is the requirement for third degree genocide

A

destruction of a human group

59
Q

what is progressive ideological genocide

A

heads toward a classless society

60
Q

what is reactionary ideological genocide

A

strive for a capitalist economic regime and for a “racially pure” state

61
Q

what are the 3 types of pragmatic genocide
DRH

A

Developmental genocide
Retributive genocide
Hegemonic genocide

62
Q

what are the 9 factors that lead to genocide
EEECARLUQ

A

Ethnicity, nationality and religion
Economic dependency, underdevelopment and destitution
Earlier genocide
Colonial and alien administrative systems
Artificial national and subnational boundaries
Role of colonial and world superpowers
Limited physical resources
Usurpation of political power
Quelling of insurgencies or threat of coup d’etat

63
Q

what are the 5 strategies that offenders of genocide use to conceal their actions
BBDWG

A

Belittle the scope of the crime
Banalise genocide
Deny genocide has taken place
When both sides commit the act, justify the former victims’ attempts at revenge
Genocide can be presented as justified

64
Q

define politicide

A

an act of killing human groups because of “political opposition to the regime and dominant groups”

65
Q

define democide

A

an act of eliminating a group of people in general

66
Q

define genocide

A

systematically destroying a specific ethnic, racial or religious group using mass killing/extermination

67
Q

define terrorism

A

creating fear, panic or political change using violence against civilians. targets a society for political/ ideological reasons

68
Q

what are the 3 forms of mass rape

A

first form
second form
third form

69
Q

what is first form mass rape

A

military goes to village and rape girls in public view. a few days later the army arrives and tells the terrified residents to leave safely and never return

70
Q

what is second form mass rape

A

used in concentration camps as a means of torture

71
Q

what is third form mass rape

A

women are raped in death camps as torture or to impregnate.

72
Q

define biological warfare

A

the use of bacteria/viral organisms to make people sick fast. They are contagious therefore spread rapidly

73
Q

define child solider

A

any person under the age who is part of any kind of regular or irregular armed force or armed group in any capacity

74
Q

what are the 6 problemd with defining child soliders
CCMAGD

A

Children are seen as ‘young adults’
Childhood is a construct and varies across societies
Military participation
A child may be regarded as an adult
Girls vs Boys
DDR programmes

75
Q

what are the 7 reasons children become involved in armed conflict
FFHOPLI

A

Forced recruitment
Family considerations
Hopes of earning money
Out of dissatisfaction with systems that have failed them
Power, glamour and excitement
Lack of educational opportunities
Ideology and political socialisation

76
Q

What are the 2 models of justice that address the issue of child soliders in relation to the issue of culpability

A

retributive model
restorative justice model

77
Q

what are the 3 aspects to the retributive model in terms of child soliders culpability
WIS

A

Wrongdoers should be held accountable for their crimes through punishment
If criminals arent punished, a climate of impunity is created
Severity of punishment should be proportional to the seriousness of the crime

78
Q

what are the 7 aspects to the restorative justice model in terms of child soliders culpability
AASHIRV

A

Attempts to make restitution
Acknowledgement for the need for accountability and justice
Severity of punishment should be proportional to the seriousness of the crime
However, many of the existing RJ processes are not tailored to children
Is harmonious with many African society’s norms of justice
RJ should be a last resort for justice
Victim’s request for justice cant be secondary to the rehabilitation of child soldiers

79
Q

Give 3 reasons why girls are valued by armed groups
THE

A

They can swell the ranks if there is a shortage of adults
Highly obedient
Easily manipulated

80
Q

what are the 3 types of work that girls do in relation to armed conflict
DCS

A

Domestic and supporting work
Combat activities
Sexual slavery

81
Q

what does DDR stand for

A

Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration

82
Q

what does the DDR do

A

it is a programme that aims to help former combatants transition from armed conflict to civilian life.

83
Q

what 5 health issues did girl soldiers experience
GGPSH

A

Gender-specific health problems
Gynaecological problems
Psychological after-effects of wartime sexual violence
Severe physical and psychological health problems
High risk for STDs

84
Q

what are the 3 defining characteristics of maritime terrorism
VAP

A

Violent act carried out by those on the sea
Acts of war by rouge individuals with a specific ideology
Political purposes

85
Q

what are the 3 defining characteristics of piracy
VEC

A

Violent act carried out by those on the sea
Economic gain
Criminal activities committed in sense of gaining profit

86
Q

What are the 4 categories of targets for maritime terrorism
Ships as…WIME

A

Ships as…
Weapons
Iconic targets
Mass casualty targets
Economic targets

87
Q

what are the 4 methods of attack regarding maritime terrorism
SSML

A

Small boats
Speed and acceleration
Manoeuvrability and ability to evade radar detection
Less expensive and less conspicuous

88
Q

what are the 8 favourable conditions for maritime terrorism
SSLIPFCM

A

Secure base area
State support
Legal and jurisdictional weakness
Inadequate security
Promise of reward
Favourable geography
Charismatic and effective leadership
Maritime tradition

89
Q

what are the 4 conditions that are required for an act to qualify as torture
RICE

A

must RESULT in severe mental/physical suffering
must be INFLICTED intentionally
must be COMMITTED by/with consent from a public official
EXCLUDES pain and suffering as a result of lawful actions

90
Q

what are the 11 duties of south africa under CAT
The duty to…PPPRREEAAIC

A

Prevent torture and CIDT
Protect foreign nationals
Prosecute or extradite
Report on measures taken
Reject statements taken under torture
Educate and train all personnel
Ensure redress to victims of torture
Abide by the peremptory norm
Accept complaints and protect witnesses and victims
Investigate
Criminalise torture in domestic law

91
Q

What does CIDT stand for

A

cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment

92
Q

what is CAT

A

UN Convention against Torture and CIDT

93
Q

Give the 5 situations whereby South Africa must still abide by the peremptory norm
AATIO

A

A state of war
Any public emergency
The threat of war
Internal public instability
Orders from a superior officer

94
Q

What are the 5 things that must be done to redress victims of torture
RRCSG

A

Restitution
Rehabilitation
Compensation
Satisfaction
Guarantees of non-repetition

95
Q

what are the 7 forms of physical torture
SSSBBER

A

Suffocation
Stretching
Submersion
Beating
Burns
Electric shocks
Rape and sexual assault

96
Q

What are the 6 forms of psychological torture and ill-treatment
MMWITH

A

Mock executions
Mock amputations
Witnessing the torture of others
Isolation
Threats
Humiliation

97
Q

what are the 3 potential victims of torture
PPJ

A

Political leaders
People in prison/detention
Journalists

98
Q

who are the 5 potential offenders of torture
PPPMS

A

Prison wardens/detention officers
Police
Paramilitary forces
Military
State-controlled and anti-guerilla forces

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