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2nd Year > SLK 220 Exam > Flashcards

SLK 220 Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Define emotion

A

a conscious evaluative reaction that is clearly linked to some event

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2
Q

Define mood

A

a feeling state that is not clearly linked to some event

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3
Q

Define affect

A

the automatic response that something is good or bad

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4
Q

Define conscious emotion

A

a powerful, single feeling state

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5
Q

define automatic affect

A

A subconscious feeling that something is good or bad

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6
Q

define arousal

A

a physiological response that occurs within the body that is linked to conscious emotion

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7
Q

what is the Jame-Lange theory of emotion

A

bodily processes of emotion come first and the mind’s perception of these bodily reactions then creates the subjective feeling of emotion

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8
Q

what is the facial feedback hypothesis

A

feedback from the face muscles evokes or magnifies emotions

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9
Q

what is the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion

A

the idea that emotion has 2 components

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10
Q

what are the 2 separate components to emotions according to Schachter and Singer

A

physiological arousal and cognitive label (specifies the emotion)

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11
Q

what are the 4 important emotions
HAGD

A

Happiness
Anger
Guilt and shame
Disgust

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12
Q

define affect balance

A

the frequency of positive emotions minus the frequency of negative emotions

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13
Q

define life satisfaction

A

the most complex form of happiness whereby one evaluates your general life and comparing it to stanadards

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14
Q

define hedonic treadmill

A

theory proposing that people stay at around the same level of happiness regardless of what happens to them

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15
Q

define emodiversity

A

how much a person experiences the variety and abundance of human emotions

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16
Q

what are the 3 ways to deal with anger
NVT

A

Never show it
Vent
Try get rid of it

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17
Q

what is the catharsis theory

A

the idea that ‘venting’ one’s anger produces a healthy release of emotions and is therefore good for the psyche

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18
Q

Define guilt

A

An unpleasant moral emotions associated with a specific instance in which one has acted badly or wrongly

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19
Q

Define shame

A

a moral emotion that involves feeling bad but spreads to the whole person

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20
Q

what are the 3 ways that apologies can help repair damage to relationships
CCS

A

Convey the implicit agreement that the act was wrong
Counteract any implication that the bad act meant that the person doesn’t care about the relationship
Suggest the person will not try to do it again

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21
Q

Define survivors guilt

A

an unpleasant emotions associated with living through an experience during which other people died

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22
Q

what are the 5 benefits of forgiveness
FREAH

A

Fosters psychological healing through positive changes in affect
Restores a victim’s sense of personal power
Encourages hope for the resolution of real-world intergroup conflicts
Aids physical and mental health
Helps to bring about reconciliation between offended and offender

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23
Q

what is the affect-as-information hypothesis

A

people judge if something is good or bad by asking themselves how they feel about it

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24
Q

Define affective forecasting

A

the ability to predict one’s emotional reactions to future events

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25
Q

what is the risk-as-feelings hypothesis

A

people react to risky situations based on how severe the worst outcome is and how likely it is to occur

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26
Q

what is the broaden-and-build theory

A

idea that positive emotions expand an individual’s attention and mindset and promote increasing one’s resources

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27
Q

what are the 6 basic human emotions
SSHAFD

A

Surprise
Sadness
Happiness
Anger
Fear
Disgust

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28
Q

what is the Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

the proposition that some arousal is better than none, but too much can hurt performance

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29
Q

define emotional intelligence

A

the ability to perceive, access and generate, understand and reflexively regulate emotions

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30
Q

what are the 4 parts of emotional intelligence
PFUM

A

Perceiving emotions
Facilitating thought
Understanding emotions
Managing emotions

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31
Q

what are the 4 ways to ‘cheer up’
DDRS

A

Do things that produce good feelings
Deal with the problem directly
Raise or lower arousal
Seek social support

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32
Q

Define attitudes

A

global evaluations towards some object or issue

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33
Q

define beliefs

A

pieces of info about an object, person, or issue

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34
Q

define dual attitudes

A

different evaluations of the same attitude object (automatic and deliberate attitudes)

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35
Q

what is the mere exposure effect

A

the tendency for novel stimuli to be liked more after the individual has been repeatedly exposed to them

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36
Q

who developed the theory of classical conditioning

A

Ivan Pavlov

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37
Q

who developed the theory of operant conditioning

A

BF Skinner

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38
Q

who developed the social learning theory

A

Albert Bandura

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39
Q

define attitude polarisation

A

the finding that people’s attitudes become more extreme as they reflect on them

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40
Q

what 3 things do most consistency theories have in common
SAS

A

Specify the conditions that are required for consistency and inconsistency of cognitions, behaviours and beliefs
Assume that inconsistency is unpleasant and it motivates people to restore consistency
Specify the conditions that are needed to restore consistency

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41
Q

Define effort justification

A

when people suffer, work hard, or make sacrifices, they try to convince themselves it was worthwhile

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42
Q

define post-decision dissonance

A

cognitive dissonance experienced after making a difficult choice.
(making the chosen thing more attractive and vice versa)

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43
Q

Define selective exposure

A

the tendency of individuals to select info that supports their pre-existing views and avoid info that contradicts their pre-existing views

44
Q

define behavioural intentions

A

Whether a person plans to perform the behaviour in question

45
Q

define subjective norms

A

An individual’s perceptions about whether significant others think they should perform the behaviour in question, or not

46
Q

define perceived behavioural control

A

an individual’s beliefs about whether they can actually perform the behaviour in question

47
Q

define belief perservernance

A

the tendency to cling to one’s beliefs even when presented with information disproving them

48
Q

define assumptive worlds

A

the view that people live in social worlds based on their assumptions about how things ought to operate

49
Q

what are the 3 main types of assumptions that people have that help them live healthy and happy lives
TTI

A

The world is benevolent
The world is just and fair
I am a good person

50
Q

define cognitive coping

A

mental processes play a central role in helping people cope with and recover from misfortunes

51
Q

Define the need to belong

A

the desire to form and maintain close, lasting relationships with other individuals

52
Q

what are the 2 parts of the need to belong

A

People want some kind of regular social contact
People want a stable and ongoing relationship where people share a mutual concern for each other

53
Q

Define ingratiation and who came up with it

A

the study of what people actively do to make others like them
Edward E. Jones

54
Q

what are the 2 old cliches that make opposite predictions about who likes whom

A

opposites attract
birds of a feather flock together

55
Q

define the matching hypothesis

A

people tend to pair up with others who are equally attractive

56
Q

what are the 2 forms of ingratiation that confirm the importance of interpersonal rewards

A

To do favours for the person
Involves praise

57
Q

what does culture depend on

A

Reciprocity

58
Q

what is the propinquity effect

A

people grow to like those that they encounter on a regular basis

59
Q

what is the mere exposure effect

A

people tend to hold more positive attitudes toward familiar stimuli than towards unfamiliar ones

60
Q

define the social allergy effect

A

the idea that a partners annoying habits become more annoying over time

61
Q

what is the what is beautiful is good effect

A

people assume that physically attractive people will be superior to others on many other traits

62
Q

what are the 3 key differences between online and offline dating
OOA

A

Online dating expands the range of potential partners and the ease of meeting them
Online dating enables people to communicate online before they meet in person
Allows you to search out the best partners from a database

63
Q

Define ostracism

A

being excluded, rejected and ignored by others

64
Q

define rejection sensitivity

A

a tendency to expect rejection from others and to become hypersensitive to possible rejection

65
Q

define loneliness

A

the painful feeling of wanting more human contact or connection than you have

66
Q

give the 3 reasons that children are rejected by their peers
SAD

A

Some children withdraw from contact with others and are therefore rejected by others
aggressive children are rejected because other children don’t like violence, bullies and danger
Deviance leads to rejection

67
Q

what is the bad apple effect

A

the idea that one person who breaks the rules can inspire other people to break the rules too

68
Q

define passionate love

A

strong feelings of longing, desire and excitement towards a special person

69
Q

define companionate love

A

mutual understanding and caring to make the relationship succeed

70
Q

People who are passionately in love have an increase in which neurotransmitter

A

Phenylenthylamine (PEA)

71
Q

what are the 3 points of robert Sternberg’s love triangle
DIP

A

Decision and commitment
Intimacy
Passion

72
Q

what are the 2 different types of basic relationships

A

Communal and exchange

73
Q

what are the 2 dimensions of the two-dimensional attachment theory

A

Anxiety and avoidance

74
Q

what are the 4 attachment styles
PFSD

A

Preoccupied attachment
Fearful avoidant attachment
Secure attachment
Dismissing avoidant attachment

75
Q

what is the investment model

A

theory that uses 3 factors to explain why people stay with their long-term relationship partners

76
Q

what are the 3 factors of the investment model
SHT

A

Satisfaction
How much the individual has invested in the relationship
The quality of available alternatives

77
Q

what are relationship-enhancing styles of attribution

A

good acts are attributed to partners inner qualities and bad acts are dismissed due to external factors

78
Q

what are distress-maintaining styles of attribution

A

bad acts are attributed to partners inner qualities and good acts are dismissed due to external factors

79
Q

what are social constructionist theories

A

theories asserting that attitudes and behaviours are strongly shaped by culture and socialisation. this includes sexual desire and sexual behaviour

80
Q

what is the evolutionary theory

A

theory of sexuality asserting that sex drive has been shaped by natural selection and that its forms tend to be innate

81
Q

what is social exchange theory

A

theory that seeks to understand social behaviour by analysing the costs and benefits of interacting with each other. it assumes sex is a resource that women have and men want

82
Q

what are the 3 theories of sexuality
SES

A

Social constructionist theory
Evolution theory
Social exchange theory

83
Q

what is the coolidge effect

A

the sexually arousing power of a new partner than the appeal of a familiar partner

84
Q

what is erotic plasticity

A

the degree to which the sex drive can be shaped and altered by social, cultural and situational forces.

85
Q

what does EBE stand for and who put forward this theory

A

exotic becomes erotic
Daryl Bem

86
Q

what is extradyadic sex

A

having sex with someone other than one’s regular relationship partner

87
Q

define social reality

A

beliefs held in common by several or many people- public awareness

88
Q

define prejudice

A

a negative feeling toward an individual based solely on their membership in a particular group

89
Q

define racism

A

prejudiced attitudes toward a particular race

90
Q

define aversive racism

A

simultaneously holding egalitarian values and negative feelings toward people of other races

91
Q

define discrimination

A

unequal treatment of different people based on the groups or categories to which they belong

92
Q

What are the ABC’s of intergroup relationships

A

Affective component is prejudice
Behavioural component is discrimination
Cognitive component is stereotyping

93
Q

what is social categorisation

A

sorting people into groups on the basis of characteristics they have in common

94
Q

what is the outgroup homogeneity bias

A

the assumption that outgroup members are more similar to one another than ingroup members are to one another

95
Q

name the common prejudices and targets
LLMAX

A

LGBTQ+ individuals
Large corporations and profits
Muslims
Albinism
Xenophobia

96
Q

what is the realistic conflict theory

A

explains prejudice by stating that competition over resources leads to intergroup hostility and conflict

97
Q

what is the discontinuity effect

A

groups are more prone to hostile competition than individuals are

98
Q

what is the contact hypothesis and who proposed it

A

regular interaction between different groups reduces prejudice if it occurs in favourable conditions
Gordon Allport

99
Q

what is the scapegoat theory

A

idea that blaming misfortunes and problems on outgroup members contributes to negative attitudes toward these groups

100
Q

what is a jigsaw classroom

A

a cooperative learning technique for reducing feelings of prejudice by having students interact and cooperate to learn material

101
Q

define a self-fulfilling prophecy

A

an expectation about the future that tends to come true partly because it is expected

102
Q

what are the 3 stages of a self fulfilling prophecy

A

1- A person believes that a certain event will happen in the future
2- this belief leads to new behaviour that the person would have not engaged in without the expectation
3- the expected event takes place and the prophecy is fulfilled

103
Q

what are the 3 cognitive strategies as to how people internalise the training to hate themselves
SAT

A

Social comparison
Attribution theory
The criteria of self-worth

104
Q

what are self-defeating prophecies

A

a prediction that ensures, by the behaviour that it generates, will not come true

105
Q

what is a stereotype threat

A

the fear that one might confirm the stereotypes that others hold

106
Q

What are the 5 formations of attitudes
SOMEC

A

Social Learning
Operant conditioning
Mere exposure effect
Embodied attitudes
Classical conditioning

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