KRM 220 Semester test 1

Question 1

what are the 3 victimology paradigms that focus of the relationship between the victim and the offender
CRC

Answer 1

conservative law and order paradigm
radical victimology paradigm
critical victimology paradigm

Question 2

what are the 3 steps to determining whether someone is a victim
IPL

Answer 2

they are INJURED or suffer at the hands of another person/institution
they PERCEIVE the suffering as unjust
they LOOK towards others for support and recognition that they have been victimised

Question 3

when is a person seen as a victim

Answer 3

when others acknowledge the person has been victimised

Question 4

what is secondary victimisation

Answer 4

individuals are victimised again by the insensitive treatment of those that were supposed to protect and assist them in the aftermath if the crime

Question 5

what are the 3 characteristics that increase potential for repeat victimisation
Target…VAG

Answer 5

vulnerability
antagonism
gratifiability

Question 6

define precipitation

Answer 6

the interaction that the victim and offender have that may lead to the crime being committed

Question 7

what are the 2 types of precipitation

Answer 7

active and passive

Question 8

what is the ‘just world’ hypothesis

Answer 8

people get what they deserve

Question 9

define facilitation

Answer 9

the victim unknowingly making it easier for the criminal to commit a crime

Question 10

define impunity

Answer 10

some individuals are more vulnerable because they make it easier for the offender to get away with the crime

Question 11

what is the key idea of the ‘lifestyle/exposure model of personal victimisation’

Answer 11

the possibility of becoming a victim depends on your lifestyle

Question 12

what are hindelang’s 4 prerequisites for victimisation to take place
WASP

Answer 12

Willing and able to use violence/threat of violence
Advantageous circumstances
Suitable object for victimisation
Particular time and place

Question 13

what are the 5 important elements of the lifestle/exposure model of personal victimisation
EARSA

Answer 13

Exposure
Adaptations
Role Expectations
Structural Constraints
Associations

Question 14

what is the ‘routine activities approach’

Answer 14

routine activities provide an opportunity for crime

Question 15

what are the 3 elements that mst be present for victimisation to occur according to the routine activities approach
SAM

Answer 15

suitable target
absence of a capable guardian
motivated offender

Question 16

give the 5 factors that play a role in the probability of victimisation according to the opportunity model
GETPP

Answer 16

Guardianship
Exposure
Target Attractiveness
Proximity
Properties of specific offence

Question 17

what are the 10 factors that influence the risk of being victimised according to the differential risk model
DDD MORE ASH

Answer 17

Dangerous times and places
Dangerous Behaviour
Defensive/avoidance behaviour
Motivated offender
Opportunity
Risk Factors
Exposure
Associations
Structural/cultural proness
High risk activities

Question 18

what is the equivalent group hypothesis

Answer 18

victims and offenders may not always be 2 distinct groups

Question 19

what are the 6 elements of self-control that increases vulnerability according to the extended low self-control theory
FRED TP

Answer 19

Future orientation
Risk avoidance
Empathy
Diligence
Tolerance for frustration
Preference for mental rather than physical activities

Question 20

what are the 2 distinct elements of the extended control balance theory

Answer 20

the amount of control one is subject to
the amount of control one can exercise over others

Question 21

what happens when there is no balance between the 2 distinct elements of the extended control balance theory

Answer 21

people feel totally out of control or like the have too much control

Question 22

what are the 3 ways people try to restore control balance

Answer 22

they will become aggressive
they challenge authority
they are totally submissive

Question 23

what are the 3 macro level explanations of the extended control balance theory
SSP

Answer 23

Socio-structural perspective
Socio-cultural perspective
Physical milieu perspective

Question 24

what are the 5 micro level explanations of the extended control balance theory
SSS GL

Answer 24

Socio-interactionist perspective
Situated transaction approach
Social exchange perspective
General systems theory
Learned helplessness theory

Question 25

what does section 12(1) of the 1996 constitution state?

Answer 25

everyone has a right to freedom from all forms of violence. thus the state has an obligation to protect the citizens of the country

Question 26

what does section 7(2) of the 1996 constitution state?

Answer 26

the state must respect, promote and fulfil the rights in the Bill of rights.

Question 27

what does section 9(1) of the 1996 constitution state?

Answer 27

the right to dignity and equality and that everyone is equal before the law and has the right to equal protection and benefit of the law

Question 28

what is the integrated victim empowerment policy

Answer 28

it aims to move focus from finding the guilty offender to helping victims