KRM 220 Semester test 1 Flashcards
what are the 3 victimology paradigms that focus of the relationship between the victim and the offender
CRC
conservative law and order paradigm
radical victimology paradigm
critical victimology paradigm
what are the 3 steps to determining whether someone is a victim
IPL
they are INJURED or suffer at the hands of another person/institution
they PERCEIVE the suffering as unjust
they LOOK towards others for support and recognition that they have been victimised
when is a person seen as a victim
when others acknowledge the person has been victimised
what is secondary victimisation
individuals are victimised again by the insensitive treatment of those that were supposed to protect and assist them in the aftermath if the crime
what are the 3 characteristics that increase potential for repeat victimisation
Target…VAG
vulnerability
antagonism
gratifiability
define precipitation
the interaction that the victim and offender have that may lead to the crime being committed
what are the 2 types of precipitation
active and passive
what is the ‘just world’ hypothesis
people get what they deserve
define facilitation
the victim unknowingly making it easier for the criminal to commit a crime
define impunity
some individuals are more vulnerable because they make it easier for the offender to get away with the crime
what is the key idea of the ‘lifestyle/exposure model of personal victimisation’
the possibility of becoming a victim depends on your lifestyle
what are hindelang’s 4 prerequisites for victimisation to take place
WASP
Willing and able to use violence/threat of violence
Advantageous circumstances
Suitable object for victimisation
Particular time and place
what are the 5 important elements of the lifestle/exposure model of personal victimisation
EARSA
Exposure
Adaptations
Role Expectations
Structural Constraints
Associations
what is the ‘routine activities approach’
routine activities provide an opportunity for crime
what are the 3 elements that mst be present for victimisation to occur according to the routine activities approach
SAM
suitable target
absence of a capable guardian
motivated offender
give the 5 factors that play a role in the probability of victimisation according to the opportunity model
GETPP
Guardianship
Exposure
Target Attractiveness
Proximity
Properties of specific offence
what are the 10 factors that influence the risk of being victimised according to the differential risk model
DDD MORE ASH
Dangerous times and places
Dangerous Behaviour
Defensive/avoidance behaviour
Motivated offender
Opportunity
Risk Factors
Exposure
Associations
Structural/cultural proness
High risk activities
what is the equivalent group hypothesis
victims and offenders may not always be 2 distinct groups
what are the 6 elements of self-control that increases vulnerability according to the extended low self-control theory
FRED TP
Future orientation
Risk avoidance
Empathy
Diligence
Tolerance for frustration
Preference for mental rather than physical activities
what are the 2 distinct elements of the extended control balance theory
the amount of control one is subject to
the amount of control one can exercise over others
what happens when there is no balance between the 2 distinct elements of the extended control balance theory
people feel totally out of control or like the have too much control
what are the 3 ways people try to restore control balance
they will become aggressive
they challenge authority
they are totally submissive
what are the 3 macro level explanations of the extended control balance theory
SSP
Socio-structural perspective
Socio-cultural perspective
Physical milieu perspective
what are the 5 micro level explanations of the extended control balance theory
SSS GL
Socio-interactionist perspective
Situated transaction approach
Social exchange perspective
General systems theory
Learned helplessness theory
what does section 12(1) of the 1996 constitution state?
everyone has a right to freedom from all forms of violence. thus the state has an obligation to protect the citizens of the country
what does section 7(2) of the 1996 constitution state?
the state must respect, promote and fulfil the rights in the Bill of rights.
what does section 9(1) of the 1996 constitution state?
the right to dignity and equality and that everyone is equal before the law and has the right to equal protection and benefit of the law
what is the integrated victim empowerment policy
it aims to move focus from finding the guilty offender to helping victims
