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PSYC2022 - Perception & Cogition > Slides Week 6 > Flashcards

Slides Week 6 Flashcards

1
Q

How do we detect spots of light

A

We use our Retinal Ganglion Cells and Lateral Geniculate Nucleus of the Thalamus

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2
Q

How do we detect bars of light

A

We use our Primary Visual Cortex

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3
Q

How do spots and bars get perceived as objects

A
  • Sophisticated neural activity beyond the V1
  • We can identify objects that we have seen before even if we have never seen them in this particular arrangement
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4
Q

ExtraStriate Cortex

A
  • The region of the cortex bordering the primary visual cortex
  • Contains multiple areas that are involved in visual processing
  • Receptive fields are more sophisticated than the Striate Cortex
  • Information is split into ‘what’ and ‘where’ pathways
  • Respond to visual properties important for perceiving objects such as ‘Boundary Ownership’
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5
Q

Akinetopsia

A
  • Inability to sense or perceive motion
  • Problems with the ‘where’ pathway
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6
Q

Riddoch Syndrome

A
  • Visual impairment caused by lesions in the occipital lobe
  • Which limit the sufferer’s ability to distinguish objects.
  • Only moving objects in a blind field are visible, static ones being invisible to the patient.
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7
Q

‘What’ Pathway

A
  • Found in Extrastriate Cortex
  • concerned with the names of functions and objects regardless of locations
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8
Q

‘Where’ Pathway

A
  • Found in Extrastriate Cortex
  • Concerned with the locations and shapes of objects but not their names or functions
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9
Q

Inferotemporal Cortex

A
  • In the lower part of the Temporal Lobe
  • Important for object recognition
  • Part of the ‘What’ pathway
  • By area V4 cells are interested in fans, spirals and pinwheels
  • V4 Neurons seem to like stimulus more complicated than spots or bars of light
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10
Q

Lesions in Neuropsychology

A
  • Noun - a region of damaged brain
  • Verb - To destroy a section of the brain
  • When IT Cortex is lesioned it leads to agnosias
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11
Q

Agnosia

A

Failure to recognise objects in spite of the ability to see them

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12
Q

Receptive Field Properties of IT Neurons

A
  • These receptive fields are very large - some cover half the visual field
  • Don’t respond well to spots or lines
  • Do respond well to stimuli such as hands, faces or objects
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13
Q

Grandmother Cells

A
  • Could a single neuron be responsible for recognising your grandmother?

Perhaps

  • Quiroga et al. (2005) identified a cell that responds specifically to Jennifer Aniston, Halle Berry and other celebrities
  • This suggests that we use fewer neurons to perceive things than we originally thought.
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14
Q

Feed Forward Process

A
  • Carries out a computation one neuron at a time
  • Does not require neural feedback to keep firing
  • Does not rely on feedbac from earlier or later stages to process electrical energy
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15
Q

Mid Level Vision

A
  • Loosely defined stage of visual processing
  • comes after basic features have been extracted for the image (low level vision)
  • Involves perception of edges and surfaces
  • Determines which regions of an image should be grouped together as objects
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16
Q

Illusory Contour

A
  • A contour that is perceived even though nothing changes from one side of the contour to the other
  • The brain fills in the gaps for edges and surfaces
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17
Q

Gestalt Psychology

A
  • “The whole is greater that the sum of its parts
  • Gelstalt Psychologists notice that ther seemed to be some principles determining when ‘scene’ elements were grouped together
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18
Q

Gestalt Grouping Rules

A

A set of rules that describe owhen eelments in an image will appear to group together

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19
Q

Gestalt Grouping Rules - Similarity

A

When we perceive similar objects and group them together

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20
Q

Gestalt Grouping Rules -Proximity

A

We observe items that are near one another and tend to perceive them in a group

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21
Q

Gestalt Grouping Rules - Closure

A
  • In reference to perception
  • Name of a Gestalt principle that holds that a closed contour is preferred to an open contour.
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22
Q

Gestalt Grouping Rules - Good Continuation

A

A Gestalt grouping rule stating that two elements will tend to group together if they lie on the same contour.

eg: girl with the mirror hoop

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23
Q

Gestalt Grouping Rules - Texture Segmentation

A
  • Carving an image into regions of common texture properties
  • Texture grouping depends on the statistics of textures in one region versus another
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24
Q

Gestalt Grouping Rules - Common Region

A

Items will group if they appear to be part of the same larger region.

25
Q

Gestalt Grouping Rules - Connectedness

A

Items will tend to group if they are connected

26
Q

Gestalt Grouping Rules - Common Fate

A

Elements that move in the same direction tend to group together.

27
Q

Gestalt Grouping Rules - Synchrony

A

Elements that change at the same time tend to group together.

28
Q

Perception is like a committee

A
  • Integrate conflicting stimulus and reach a consenus
  • Differing and often competing principles involved
  • Perception results from the consensus that emerges
29
Q

Gestalt Grouping Rules - Ambiguous Figure

A

A visual stimulus that gives rise to two or more interpretations of its identity or structure

30
Q

Necker Cube

A

The wire-frame Necker cube can look like either of two types of solids

31
Q

Gestalt Grouping Rules - Accidental Viewpoint

A
  • A viewing position that produces some regularity in the visual image that is not present in the world.
  • Perceptual committees assume viewpoints are not accidental.
32
Q

Gestalt Grouping Rules - Figure Ground Assignment

A

The process of determining that some regions of an image belong to a foreground object and other regions are part of the background

33
Q

Gestalt figure-ground assignment principles - Surroundedness and Size

A
  • The surrounding region is likely to be ground.
  • The smaller region is likely to be figure.
34
Q

Gestalt figure-ground assignment principles - Symmetry

A

A symmetrical region tends to be seen as figure

35
Q

Gestalt figure-ground assignment principles - Parallelism

A

Regions with parallel contours tend to be seen as figure

36
Q

Gestalt figure-ground assignment principles - Relative Motion

A

If one region moves in front of another, then the closer region is figure

37
Q

Gestalt figure-ground assignment principles - Relatability

A

The degree to which two line segments appear to be part of the same contour

38
Q

Gestalt figure-ground assignment principles - Global Precedence

A

People view properties of the whole object before properties of parts of the object.

Not Universal

Remote African cultures (e.g., the Himba) demonstrate local precedence when viewing Navon stimuli (Davidoff & Fagot, 2008).

39
Q

Five Principles of Mid-Level Vision

A
  1. Bring together that which should be brought together
  2. Split apart that which should be split apart
  3. Use what you know
  4. Avoid accidents
  5. Seek consensus and avoid ambiguity
40
Q

Specialised Extrastriate Areas -

Parahippocampal Place area

A
  • Also known as PPA
  • Responds preferentially to places such as pictures of houses
41
Q

Specialised Extrastriate Areas -

Fusiform Face Area

A
  • Also known as FFA
  • Responds to faces more that other objects
42
Q

Specialised Extrastriate Areas -

Extrastriate Body

A
  • Specifically involved in the perception of body parts
43
Q

The Pandemonium Model

A
  • Oliver Selfridge (1959) simple model of letter recognition
  • Perceptual committee made up of demons that loosely represent neurons
  • Each level is like a different brain area
  • Image demon represents the stimulus
  • Feature Demon represents the neurons that are sensitive to that stimulus and begin firing
  • Cognitive Demons are neurons that don’t sense the stimulus but receive electrical input
  • Decision Demon represents the Neurons that receive electrical input in it’s strongest form and make a decision about what the stimulus is.
44
Q

Templates versus Structural Descriptions

A
  • Template Theory
  • Stuctural Description
45
Q

Object Recognition - Template Theory

A
  • The visual system recognizes objects by matching the neural representation of the image with a stored representation of the same “shape” in the brain
  • However we would need billlions of neurons to recognise all the different versions of each stimulus
  • But . . . we do have 100 billion neurons
46
Q

Object Recognition - Structural Description

A

A description of an object in terms of its parts and the relationships between those parts.

47
Q

Recognition by Components - Biederman’s Model of Object Recognition

A

Objects are recognised by the identities and relstiaonships of their component parts

48
Q

Geons

A
  • The geometric ions out of which objects are built
  • Each geon is kind of like a letter in the alphabet
  • This allows an almost infinite amount of combinations to make up objects
49
Q

Pareidollia

A

Predisposition for finding faces

50
Q

Feature Processing

A
  • We can still recognise faces from features alone, even tough it may be more difficult
  • We can process faces as a whole
51
Q

Holistic Processing

A
  • Based on an analysis of an entire object
  • Not by adding together a set of smaller parts
  • We are better at recognising upright faces
  • It is harder for us to recognise inverted faces
  • It is harder still for us to recognise inverted objects
52
Q

Evidence for Holistic Processing - The Composite Face Effect

A
  • Young, Hellawall & Hay, 1987
  • Upright faces evoke obligaorty configural processing
  • This gives a strong effect of a new face.
  • When tops and bottoms of faces are aligned they are processed ‘as a whole’
53
Q

Evidence for Holistic Processing

The Face Superiority Effect

A
  • Tanaka & Farrah 1993
  • Features are recognised better if they are presented in their usual positions within a face
  • If they are presented in isolation, or presented within a scrambled face recognition is harder
54
Q

Evidence for Holistic Processing

The Caricature Effect

A
  • Computer generated caricatures of famous people with exaggerated features (photos and line drawings) are rated by participants to look more like that person than originals
55
Q

Face Recognition - Evidence for Expertise

A
  • Findings of Expertise studies have not been consistent
  • Robbins & McKone (2007) found that even dog experts showed greater inversion effect for human faces that to dogs
  • Larger composite effect for faces compared to dogs
  • Early face deprivation leads to highly selective cortical damaging
  • Newborns are able to tell highly similar faces apart and prefer the face of their own mother
56
Q

Prosopagnosia

A
  • The inability to recognise faces - Face Blindness
  • Know they are looking at a face but are not able to determine identity
  • Can recognise people from gait, voice etc
  • caused by lesions in fusiform gyrus
  • Affects estimated 2-2.9% of educated Australians
57
Q

Synesthesia

A
  • Affects 4% of the population
  • experiences reliable sensoty association between apparently inrelated phenomena
    • colours may elicit sounds
    • shapes are connected to taste
    • sounds elicit odour
    • ordinal personification (numbers have personality)
  • Research is divided on whether we are all weak synesthetes or whether this is a separate and unique condition (see Deroy & Spence, 2013).
58
Q

Synesthesia causes

A
  • Babies are born Synesthetes and lose the ability by about 8 months
  • Cross- Modal connections between brain areas that are usually separate can produce cross-activation beyond normal/typical perception
  • There may be a genetic link

PSYC2022 - Perception & Cogition (16 decks)

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