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PSYC2022 - Perception & Cogition > Slide Week 2 > Flashcards

Slide Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Vestibular System

A
  • Which senses are responsible for the sensation of falling
  • Acceleration and Deceleration or a car?
  • What about leaning to the right or left with your eyes closed?
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2
Q

Equilibrium

A
  • None of the traditional 5 Senses can account for the sense of falling, acceleration or tilt.
  • Often overlooked but evolutionaily very old
  • Composed of multiple reflexes and perceptual modalities
  • Begin with Vestibular orgarns in the inner ear
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3
Q

Vestibular System

A
  • Organs and Neural Pathways that sense head motion and head orientation with respect to gravity
  • Help us by providing sense of
    • linear Motion
    • Angular Tilt
    • Tilt
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4
Q

Spatial Orientation

A
  • A sense consisting of three interacting sensory modalities
  • Perception of linear motion, angular motion and tilt
  • Below is a coordinate system for classifying direction
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5
Q

Three Directions for Sense of Rotation

A
  1. Roll:
  2. Pitch
  3. Yaw
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6
Q

Directions for Sense of Rotation: Roll

A

Rotation around x-axis

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7
Q

Directions for Sense of Rotation: Pitch

A

Rotation around y-axis

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8
Q

Directions for Sense of Rotation: Yaw

A

Rotation around z-xis

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9
Q

What receptors does the vestibular system use?

A
  • Any cell that has steriocilia for transducing mechanical movement
  • In the inner ear
  • transmits neural activity sent to the brain
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10
Q

Stereocilia

A
  • In the inner ear
  • Mechano-sensing organelles of hair cells
  • Respond to fluid motion in numerous types of animals for various functions, including hearing and balance
  • About 10–50 micrometers in length
  • Share some similar features of microvilli.
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11
Q

Semicircular Canals

A
  • Three tubes in the vestibular system that sense angular accelaration
  • Source of our sense of angular motion - Head Spinning in Pitch, Roll and Yaw
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12
Q

The push-pull relationship

A
  • The Semicircular canals function in pairs that have a push-pull relationship
  • Neural Activity in is sensitive to changes in rotation velocity
  • Constant rotation leads to decreased responding from the canal neurons after a few seconds
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13
Q

Otolith Organs

A
  • The mechanical structures in the vestibular system that sense both linear accelaration and gravity
  • source of our sense of linear velocity and gravity
  • sense of up, down, left, right, front and back
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14
Q

Utricle Macula

A
  • Macula of the utricle, or utricular macula
  • Region of the utricle that receives the utricular filaments of the vestibulocochlear nerve
  • The portion of the utricle that forms the macula forms a sort of pouch or cul-de-sac, with a thickened floor and anterior wall.
  • Utricle contains about 30,000 hair cells
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15
Q

Saccular Macula

A
  • Anterior part exhibits an oval thickening of the macula of saccule
  • Distributed the saccular filaments of the acoustic nerve.
  • The vestibule is a region of the inner ear which contains the saccule and the utricle
  • Each of which contain a macula to detect linear acceleration.
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16
Q

The Otolith Organs

A
  • Otoconia
  • Otolithic Membrane (gelatinous membrane)
  • Reticular membrane
  • Supporting cells
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17
Q

Define Spatial Orientation

A

the ability to perceive and adjust one’s location in space in relation to objects in the external environment

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18
Q

Three experimental paradigms to investigate spatial orientation perception

A
  1. Threshold Estimation
  2. Magnitude Estimation
  3. Matching
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19
Q

Threshold Estimation

A

What is the minimum motion needed to correctly perceive motion direction?

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20
Q

Magnitude Estimation

A

Participants report how much they think they tilted, rotated or tranlsated

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21
Q

Matching

A
  • Participants are tilted and then orient a line with the direction of gravity
  • Done in a dark room with the only line visible to avoid any visual cues orientation
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22
Q

Rotation Perception

A
  • At first, constant rotation (in the dark) is perceived accurately
  • Soon, subjects feel as if they are slowing down
  • After 30 secs they no longer feel as if they are rotating
  • When rotation stops they feel as if they are rotating in the opposite direction
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23
Q

Translation Perception

A
  • When peole are translated in the dark they are able to use a joystick to reproduce the distance they traveled accuratly
  • They can also reproduce the velocity of the passive motion trajectory
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24
Q

Tilt Perception

A
  • We are very accurate when perceiving tilt for angles between 0 degrees and 90 degrees (lying down)
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25
Q

Sensory Integration

A
  • The Process of combining different sensory signals
  • Typically leads to more accurate information then can be obtained from individual senses alone
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26
Q

Visual-vestibular Integration

A
  • Vection: an illusory sense of self motion produced when you are not in fact moving.
    eg: being stopped in a train at the station. The train next to yu is moving and it feels like you are moving forward.
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27
Q

Do we have a Vestibluar Cortex?

A
  • The portion of the cerebrum which responds to input from the vestibular system
  • Location is not well defined
  • Some research indicates a right hemisphere dominance
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28
Q

Vestibular Cortex

A
  • No need to have a cortex for processing vestibular information
  • Areas of the cortex respond to vestibular input
  • Tend to respond to visual input as well
  • Vestibulare information reaches the cortex via thalamo-cortical pathways.
  • Contributes to all senses
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29
Q

What happens when the vestibular system fails

A
  • Spatial disorientation
  • Imbalance
  • Distorted vision unless held perfectly still
  • Motion Sickness
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30
Q

Mal de Debarquement Syndrome

A
  • Swaying, rocking or tilting perceptions felt after spending time on a boat or in the ocean
  • Aftereffect of adapting to the rocking motion of the ocean
  • Usually goes away after a few hours
  • Some people experience it continuously
  • “Getting your sea legs”
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31
Q

Meniere’s Syndrome

A
  • Sudden experience of dizziness, imbalance and spatial disorientation
  • Can cause sudden falling down
  • can cause repeated vomiting from sever motion sickness
  • Unpredictable and terrifying attacks.
  • Sometimes removal of vestibulare aparratus is a treatment
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32
Q

Gurvich et al., 2013

A

Common Neural Pathways for Vestibular Funcion and many psychiatric disorders

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33
Q

Staab 2016

A
  • 30-50% of patients with vestibular disorders have a co-existing psychiatric disorder including anxiety, depression, PTSD, OCD
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34
Q

Carmeli, 2016

A
  • Comorbidity relationships between vestibular disorders and Mental Health Disorder is bi-directional
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35
Q

Smith et al., 2016

A
  • Vestibular system influences higher order cognitive processing including:
    • Working memory
    • Spatial memory
    • Attention
    • Executive functioning
36
Q

Smith & Darlington, 2013

A
  • Personality can be affected by vestibular disturbances.
  • Patients with vestibular dysfunction report feelings of depersonalization and derealization
  • This indicates that vestibular system makes a key contribution to the sense of self
37
Q

Why do we need a sense of touch?

A
  • detect damage
  • Determine the position of our body parts and where our muscles are moving
  • sensing temperature changes
  • feeling deformations
  • low and high frequency vibrations
  • pressure on our skin
38
Q

Autotelic NFT

A
  • NFT = Need for touch
  • measure the desire to touch objects just to enjoy the sensory experience
39
Q

Instrumental NFT

A
  • NFT = Need for Touch
  • Measure the use of touch to evaluate products for potential purchase
40
Q

Touch Physiology

A
  • Touch receptors are embedded in outer layer of (epidermis) and underlying area (Dermis) of skin
  • categorised by:
    1. type of stimulation to which receptor responds
    2. Size of receptive field
    3. Rate of adaptation (fast vs slow)
41
Q

Touch Flowchart

A
  • Tactile Sensations
  • Kinesthesis
  • Thermal Sensation
  • Pain
42
Q

Tactile Mechanoceptors

A
  • Tactile Sensations
  • Caused by mechanical displacements
43
Q

Kinesthetic Mechanoceptors

A
  • Kinesthesis
  • Position and movement of limbs
44
Q

Thermalceptors

A
  • Thermal Sensation
  • Heat and Cold
45
Q

Nociceptors

A
  • Pain
  • Damage to body tissue
46
Q

Kinesthesia

A

Perception of the movement of our limbs in space

47
Q

Proprioception

A

Perception of the position of our limbs in space

48
Q

Somatosensation

A
  • Collective group of sensory receptors
  • sensory signals from:
    • skin
    • muscles
    • tendons
    • joints
    • internal recptors
49
Q

Tactile Receptors

A
  • Called mechanoreceptors because the respond to mechanical stimulation
50
Q

Merkel Receptors (SA1)

A
  • Merkel nerve endings are mechanoreceptors basal epidermis and hair follicles.
  • They are nerve endings
  • Provide information on:
    • mechanical pressure
    • position,
    • deep static touch features, such as shapes and edges.
  • Found in the basal epidermis of the skin
  • store serotonin which they release to associated nerve endings in response to pressure.
51
Q

Meissner Corpuscle (RA1)

A

A sensory nerve ending that is sensitive to mechanical stimuli, found in the dermis in various parts of the body.

52
Q

Ruffini Cylinder (SA2)

A
  • Ruffini endings are slow adapting, encapsulated receptors
  • Respond to skin stretch
  • Present in both the glabrous and hairy skin.
53
Q

Glaborous

A

smooth, hairless, bald Skin

54
Q

Pacinian Corpuscle (RA2 or PC)

A

Pacinian corpuscles are rapidly-adapting, deep receptors that respond to deep pressure and high-frequency vibration.

55
Q

Kinesthetic Receptors

A

Mechanoreceptors in muscles, tendons and joints

56
Q

Muscle Spindle

A

A sensory receptor located in a muscle that senses its tension

57
Q

Thermoreceptors

A
  • Sensory Receptors that signal information about changes in skin temperature
  • Two distinct populations of thermoreceptors:
    • Warmth Fibres
    • Cold Fibres
  • Body is constantly regulating internal temperature
  • Respond when you make contact with an object warmer than 36o and colder than 30o
58
Q

Nociceptors

A
  • Transmit information about stimulation that causes damage to the skin
  • Two groups of nociceptors
    • A-delta fibres that are myelinated
    • C fires that are unmylenated
  • We feel sharp pain followed by throbbing sensation
59
Q

Pain

A
  • Pain sensations triggered by nociceptors
  • Responses to harmful stimuli
  • Can be moderated by:
    • anticipation
    • religeous belief
    • prior experience
    • watching others respond
    • attention
    • emotion
    • excitment
60
Q

Analgesia

A
  • Decreasing pain sensation during conscious experience
  • Endogenous opiates release in body to block release and uptake of neurotransmitters that transmit pain sensation to the brain
61
Q

Gate Control Theory

A
  • Gate neurons block pain transmission
  • activated by harmful stimulation applied to another area of the body
  • Top Down influence from the brain
    eg: expection of pain
62
Q

Pain Sensitisation

A
  • Nociceptors provide signal when there is impending or ongoing damage to body’s tissue
  • Once damage has occurred, site can become more sensitive
  • Pain as a result of damage to or dysfunction of nervous system
  • No single pain medication will alleviate all types of pain
63
Q

Nociceptive Pain

A

Nociceptors provide signal when there is impending or ongoing damage to body’s tissue

64
Q

Hyperalgesia

A

Once damage has occurred, a pain site can become more sensitive

65
Q

Neuropathic pain

A

Pain as a result of damage to or dysfunction of nervous system

66
Q

The Somatosensory Cortex

A
  • Central Sulcus
  • Lateral Sulcus
67
Q

Somatosensory Cortex Anatomy

A
  • Primary Somatosensory Cortex (S1)
  • Secondary Somatosensory Cortex (S2)
68
Q

Homunculus

A
  • Map-like representation of regions of the body in the brain
  • adjacent areas on the skin connect to adjacent areas in the brain
69
Q

Haptic Perception - Pascual-Leone & Hamilton (2001)

A
  • Volunteers blindfolded for days
  • On day 1 the Braille patterns only activated S1
  • By day 5 activation in S1 decreased and activation in V1 increased
  • Removing the blind fold resulted in return to the previous activation pattern
70
Q

Two Point Threshold

A
  • How finely can we resolve spatial details
  • The minimum distance at which two stimuli are just perceptible as separate
71
Q

Tactile sensitivity

A
  • Tactile sensitivity declines with age
  • Not the case for people without sight, tactile sensitivity remains high into old age
  • People who lose sight later in life may not be able to read braille
72
Q

Haptic Perception

A
  • Knowledge of the world derived from sensory receptors
  • Usually involve active exploration
73
Q

Exploratory procedure

A
  • A stereotypical hand movement pattern used to contact objects to perceive them
  • Lateral motion = texture
  • Pressure = hardness
  • Static contact = temperature
  • Unsupported holding = weight
  • Enclosure global shape = volume
  • Contour following global shape = exact shape
  • Described by Lederman & Klatzky
74
Q

Tactile Agnosia

A
  • Inability to identify objects by touch
  • Reed & Caselli (1994)
  • Caused by lesions in parietal lobe
75
Q

Body Image

A
  • The impression of our bodies in space
  • Systematically distorted towards top heaviness
  • Consistent with somatotopic mapping in cortex and sensory homunculus
76
Q

Somatotopic Mapping

A
  • point-for-point correspondence of an area of the body to a specific point on the central nervous system.
  • Typically, the area of the body corresponds to a point on the primary somatosensory cortex
77
Q

Out of body Experiences

A
  • Reported experiences where the conscious self lies outside the physical body
  • Ehrsson (2007)
  • Showed it was easy to induce OOBE’s in healthy subjects
78
Q

Phantom Limb

A
  • Sensation perceived from a physically amputated limb of the body
  • Amputees report feeling the amputated had when face or remaining limbs are stimulated
79
Q

Neural Plasticity

A
  • The ability of neural circuits to undergo changes in function or organisation as a result of previous activity
80
Q

Haptic Perception – Pascual-Leone & Hamilton

A
  • Volunteers blindfolded for days
  • On day 1 the Braille patterns only activated S1
  • By day 5 activation in S1 decreased and activation in V1 increased
  • Removing the blind fold resulted in return to the previous activation pattern
81
Q

Touch and the Vestibular System Flowchart

A
  • Somatosensation
  • Proprioception
    • Vestibluar System
    • Touch
      • Tactile Sensations
      • Kinethesis
      • Thermal Sensation
      • Pain
82
Q

Define Somatosensation

A

All sensory signals from the body

83
Q

Define Proprioception

A

Sense of how your own body is oriented in space

84
Q

Define Tactile Sensations

A

Caused by mechanical displacements

85
Q

Kinesthesis

A

Position and movement of limbs

86
Q

Define Thermal Sensation

A

Heat and Cold perception

87
Q

Define Pain

A

Damage to body and tissue

PSYC2022 - Perception & Cogition (16 decks)

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