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PSYC2022 - Perception & Cogition > Lecture Week 3 > Flashcards

Lecture Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Auditory Sense of Self

A
  • Sense of Sound contributes to our sense of self
  • Playing sounds of a certain heart rate; if a person thinks that is their own heart rate then their own heart rate will change to match the recording.
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2
Q

Physical Definition of Sound

A
  • Pressure changes in the air or other medium
  • Could also be pressure change in water, a gas or a solid
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3
Q

Perceptual Definition of sound

A
  • The experience we have when we hear.
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4
Q

How is sound created?

A
  • Sounds are created when objects vibrate
  • Vibrations cause the surrounding air to change pressure
  • The type of pressure change determines the type of sound wave
  • The sound wave determines what we hear
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5
Q

Amplitude Waves

A
  • The Level of loudness of a sound
  • Objects that vibrate a lot will be perceived as loud
  • Measured in Decibels dB
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6
Q

Frequency Waves

A
  • The number of times per second that a sound wave repeats the pattern of pressure
  • The number of times the waves go up and down per second
  • Measured as Hz - Hertz
  • Perceived as pitch; High frequency is high pitch and low frequency is low pitch
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7
Q

High Risk and Pain Threshold in Human Hearing

A
  • At around 115 dBs we begin to experience sound that may cause us damage.
  • At around 135 dBs our nociceptors will begin to transduce and we will experience pain.
  • This is about equivalent to the sound of a gun going off next to your ear.
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8
Q

Hyperacusis

A

The hearing condition with lingering pain

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9
Q

Psychological Interpretation of Sound - Loudness

A
  • How we experience sound of a particular amplitude
  • High amplitude is loud
  • Low amplitude is quiet
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10
Q

Psychological Interpretation of Sound - Pitch

A
  • Our experience of sound related as a frequency
  • High frequency, High pitch, High Hertz
  • Low frequency, Low pitch, Low Hertz
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11
Q

Psychological Interpretation of Sound - Timbre

A
  • The ability to judge two sounds with the same amplitude and frequency as being different from one another
  • Like the flavour of the music and not the taste

eg: the same note being played by a piano and a guitar

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12
Q

Outer Ear

A
  • Also called Pinnae are first point of contact of sound from the environment
  • Only Mammals have outer ears
  • Some mammals do not have pinnae such as seals and Walruses
  • They funnel sound into the ear canal
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13
Q

Ear Canal

A
  • Insulates and protects the tympanic membrane
  • Also funnels sound and serves to amplify some frequencies
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14
Q

Tympanic Membrane

A
  • Also called the Ear Drum
  • A barrier between outer ear and middle ear
  • It is made of thin skin so if it is damaged it will repair like any other peice skin
  • Vibrates in response to fluctuations in air pressure
  • When it vibrates it moves the bones in the inner ear
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15
Q

Middle Ear

A
  • Consists of three very small bone called ossicles
    • Malleus
    • Incus
    • Stapes
  • Two small muscles
    • Tympanus Muscle
    • Stapedius Muscle
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16
Q

Ossicles

A
  • Purpose of Ossicles is to amplify sounds
  • Smallest Bones in the Human Body
    • Malleus
    • Incus
    • Stapes
  • Ossicle amplicifaction is essential for hearing faint sounds they amplify sound x18
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17
Q

Malleus Ossicle

A
  • Is connected to the Tympanic Membrane
  • It moves when the Tympanic Membrane moves
  • They move each other around in response to flucutations in air pressure
  • They operate like levers
  • Ossicle amplicifaction is essential for hearing faint sounds they amplify sound x18
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18
Q

Tensor Tympanic Muscle & Stapedius muscle

A
  • Decrease Ossicle vibration when tensed
  • They protect our ears from loud noises
  • When they tense they hold the ossicles stable so they dont amplify sound
  • Fast responding by 1/5 of a second
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19
Q

Inner Ear

A
  • Transduces responses to air pressure changes into neural signals to be processed as sounds
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20
Q

Cochlea

A
  • Contains the vestibular organs
    • Organ of Corti
    • semi circular canals
    • Otolithic Organs
  • Filled with watery cochlear fluid in all the canals
  • When the ossicles vibrate this causes the cochlear fluid to vibrate as well
  • This movement affects the:
    • Basilar Membrane
    • Tectorial Membrane
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21
Q

Organ of Corti

A
  • Responsivbe for transducing changes in air pressure into neural activity
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22
Q

Basilar Membrane

A
  • Where the Stereocilia are located
  • This is specifically where the hair cells begin the process of transduction
  • Hair cells respond to the movement in the cochlear fluid
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23
Q

Tectorial Membrane

A
  • A gelatinous structure that extends into the midde canal of the ear
  • It causes the hair cells to fluctuate and it depends on how the hair cells move on what type of signals get transduced
  • This movement is called Tectorial Shearing.
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24
Q

Pitch and the Basilar Membrane

A
  • Different parts of the cochlear are sensitive to different types of ptch
  • This is because the cochlear is wider at one end than the other
  • This changes the way the hair cells can bend or change the amount of stimulation they need to bend
25
Q

Cochlear Nucleus

A
  • The first brain stems nucleus at which afferent auditory nerve fibres synapse
  • Then sends neural activity to the Superior Olive
26
Q

Superior Olive

A
  • Region of the brain stem where auditory input is received
  • The first place where inputs from both ears are received
  • Intergrates information so we can quickly locate where a sound is coming from
27
Q

Inferior Colliculus

A
  • Also important for Binaural Integration
  • In the midbrain nucleus
  • Then sends information to the Medial Geniculate Nuclesu of the Thalamus
28
Q

Binaural Integration

A

Integrate and process neural information from both ears

29
Q

Medial Geniculate Nuclesu of the Thalamus

A
  • Thalamus is the relay station for all of our senses
  • MGN sends auditory signals to the temporal cortex
  • MGN receives signals from auditory cortex
  • Information from both ears are processed here on both sides
30
Q

Primary Auditory Cortex (A1)

A
  • In the temporal lobe
  • Sends information on to the belt area and parabelt area
  • Responsible for acoustic organisation
31
Q

Belt Area

A
  • A region of the A1 Cortex
  • Directly adjacent to the A1
  • where neurons respond to more complex characteristics of sounds
32
Q

Parabelt Area

A
  • Lateral and Adjacent to the Belt Area
  • Where neurons respons to more complex sounds as well as inputs from other senses
33
Q

Left-Right Localisation

A
  • Interaural Time Differences
  • Interaural Level Differences
34
Q

Azimuth

A
  • The angle of a sound source on the horizon relative to a point in the centre of the head
  • Anything that happens 360O on the Horizon is called Azimuth
  • To work out where things are on the Azimuth we can use our ITDs and ILD’s
  • We can also disambiguate using the shape of our Pinnae
35
Q

Disambiguate in Hearing

A
  • Remove uncertainty about sound using both ears to detect differences on the Azimuth
36
Q

Interaural Time Differences

A
  • The difference in time between a sound arriving in one ear over the other depends on which ear the sound is closest to.
  • If a sound is straight ahead or straight behind the ITD will be 0
  • If it is directly at either side it will be maximum ITD
  • It is slightly easier to hear sounds from the front because the shape of our Pinnae
37
Q

Medial Superior Olive

A
  • Interaural Time Differences are processed here
  • Happens from the first synapse to the Superior Olive to Thalamus
  • Neurons from the left and right Olive work together to calculate time differences
  • This assists in sound localisation
38
Q

Interaural Level Difference

A
  • Frequency levels will be different in one ear over the other.
  • The Medial Superior Olive receives info from both ears and uses the differences to assist in localisation
  • There will be different levels of frequency depending on how much the frequencies are blocked by our heads
  • This works well for high frequencies
  • Low frequencies are better at working around the head anyway.
  • Excitatory Neural synapses from here lead to the Lateral Superior Olive from the ipsilateral ear.
  • Inhibitiry Neural synapses from here lead to the Lateral Superior Olive from the contralateral ear.
39
Q

Lateral Superior Olive

A
  • A relay station that Calculates the frequency differences and ILDs from both ears to assist localisation
  • Excitatory synapses come from the ipsalateral ear
  • Inhibitory synapses come from the contralateral ear
40
Q

Cone of confusion

A
  • There are positions in space around the azimuth where the ITDs & ILDs are the same.
  • In this case the Olives will tell us the location of two positions front and back are the same.
  • These positions are situated at the same place at 180o in front and behind us.

Marco Polo Game as an example; these are the best places to stand and not get caught.

  • Elevation adds another dimension to help distinguish this problem
  • Turning our heads to disambiguate can help too.
41
Q

Directional Transfer Function (DTF)

A
  • How the shape of our pinnae, ear canal, head and torso can affect the intensity of sounds and frequencies arriving at each ear
  • each person has a unique DTF to determine localisation based on the azimuth and elevation of that sound
42
Q

Ventriloquism Effect

A
  • Sound localisation can be influenced by visual stimulus.
  • If the audio-visual stimulus is strong enough we can localise a sound as if it is coming from the visual space

eg: a ventriloquist dummy. The illusion still works even when we know it is happening,

43
Q

Auditory Distance Perception

A
  • The simplest cue is relative intensity of sound
  • Sounds that are closer to us are louder than sounds that are far away.
  • Works best when we are familiar with a sound and we know how loud or soft it should be
44
Q

Relative Intensity of Sound

A
  • Sounds that are closer to us are louder than sounds that are far away.
45
Q

Inverse Square Law

A
  • Relativity of Sound only works at distances of about 1 metre
  • Decrease in intensity of a sound is equal to the Distance2 from the sound
  • As an object moves away from us, its sound decreases faster.
  • For this reason we can over and understimate the intensity of sounds as they move.
46
Q

Auditory Scene Analysis

A
  • The method to sort out multiple sources of sound in an environment
  • Uses information from:
    • visual stimulus
    • Interaural Time Differences
    • Interaural Level Differences
    • Pitch
    • Timbre
    • Onset Time
47
Q

Onset Time

A
  • If two sounds start at different times it is likely they come from different sources
    *
48
Q

Continuity and Restoration Effect

A
  • We can have auditory restoration and phonemic restoration
    *
49
Q

Restoration Effect

A
  • Masking sounds and brain fills in gaps in sound so that it sounds continuous
  • There has to be a masking sound other=wise the brain will not fill in the continuous sound
50
Q

Articulation

A
  • Converting the sounds made by the vocal tract into phonemes and speech
51
Q

Formant

A
  • Different parts of our articulation repeat at different frequencies
  • This creates formants in the speech spectrum
52
Q

Formants are listed by Number

A
  • F1 tells about the height of the tongue in the mouth
  • F2 tells about how forward or back the tongue is
  • F3 is a combination of the above
  • We can distinguish most sounds in the English language based on these three formants
53
Q

Phonemes

A
  • The sounds that make up words
  • Almost like the letters but combinations such as th and ph are also phonemes
  • The smallest unit of sound that has meaning
54
Q

Classifying Speech sounds – Place of articulation

A

Based on the location in which the sound is made such as b, p, m are all lip sounds

55
Q

Classifying Speech sounds – Manner of articulation

A

Depends on the manner and amount of air being obstructed to construct that sound

56
Q

Categorical Perception

A
  • Situation in which a speech stimulus is perceived in terms of its category membership
  • Not in terms of its surface properties.
  • We perceive an utterance as a specific syllable, word, or phrase.
57
Q

Motor Theory of Speech Perception

A
  • McGurk Effect – Vision plays a huge role in how we perceive sound,
58
Q

Aphasia

A
  • Inability to have language
  • Wernicke
  • Broca – speech production problems, stilted speech, simple sentence but have good comprehension and speech perception
  • Wernicke – nonsensical sentences, clear words but without meaning, little comprehension and understanding of speech perception
59
Q

Babies and Music

A
  • Processing music is innate and babies who are very young can differenitate preffered tunes
  • Babies prefer their mother’s singing to other female voices
  • consistently prefer consonant to dissonant melodies from as young as 4 months

PSYC2022 - Perception & Cogition (16 decks)

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