Slides Week 3 Flashcards

Question

Organ of Corti

Answer 1

* a structure on basilar membrane of the cochlea * composed of hair cells and dendrites of auditory nerve fibres * Movments of the cochlear partition are translated into nueral signals by structures in the organ of Corti * Cochlear partition extends the entire length of the cochlea * a specialized sensory epithelium that allows for the transduction of sound vibrations into neural signals

Answer 2

* Gelatinous structure tht exteds to the middle canal of the ear * Floats above the inner hair cells * Touches outer hair cells * Vibrations cause displacement of Tectorial Membrane * Stereocilia attach to hair cells and cause release of neurotransmitters

Answer 3

* Different parts of the cochlea are sensitive to different frequencies * Membrane is thick and narrow towards the base cochlea and thin and wide at the apex

Answer 4

* Inner hair cells convey almost information about sound waves to brain * Outer hair cells receive inforation from the brain * Outer hair cells can make parts of the cochlear partition stiffer * Makes inner hair cells more sensitive and more sharply attuned to specific frequencies

Answer 5

* The first brain stem nucleus at which afferent auditory nerve fibres synapse

Answer 6

* An early brain stem region in the auditory pathway * Where inputs from both ears converge

Answer 7

A midbrain nucleus in the auditory pathway

Answer 8

* Part of the Thalamus * Relays auditory signals to the temporal cortex * Receives input from auditory cortex * Information from each ear is processed in both sides of the cortex

Answer 9

The first area within the temporal lobes of the brain responsible for processing acoustic organisation

Answer 10

* A region directly adjacent to (A1) * Receives input from A1 * Where neurons respond to more complex characteristics of sounds

Answer 11

* a region of auditory cortex * lateral and adjacent to the Belt Area * where neurons respond to more complex characteristics of sounds as well as to input from other senses. * Brain has tonotopic organisation * neurons that respond to different frequenies are organised anatomically in order of frequency

Answer 12

When spatial arrangment in brain corresponds to anatomy of the sensory organ in order of frequency of stimulation

Answer 13

* Obstruction of ear canal * Excessive build up of ear wax * Conductive hearing loss caused by problems with the bones of the middle ear * Hearing loss is a natural consequence of aging

Answer 14

* How do we locate sound? * Similar dilemma to determining how far an object is. * We need two ears: this is critical for determining auditory locations

Answer 15

1. Interaural Time Differences (ITD) 2. Interaural Level of Difference (ILD) 3. Shape and form of Pinnae

Answer 16

* The angle of a sound source on the horizon relative to a point in the center of the head between the ears * Signaled by the difference in arrival times between the ears * The relative amplitude of high-frequency sounds (the shadow effect) * Asymmetrical spectral reflections from various parts of our bodies, including torso, shoulders, and pinnae.

Answer 17

* The difference in time between a sound arriving at one ear versus the other *

Answer 18

* ITD for different positions around the head

Answer 19

* A relay station in the brain stem * Where inputs from both ears contribute to detection of ITDs * ITD detectors form connections from inputs coming from two ears during the first few months of life

Answer 20

* The difference in intensity between a sound arriving at one ear versus the other * For frequencies above 1000Hz the head blocks some of the energy reaching to opposite ear * ILD is largest and 90^o and -90^o * ILD is nonexistant for 0^o and 180^o

Answer 21

* Lateral Superior Olive * Medial Superior Olive

Answer 22

* A relay station in the brain stem where inputs from both ears contribute to the detection of ILDs * Excitatory connections to LSO come from ipsilateral ear * Inhibitory connections to LSO come from contralateral

Answer 23

* Cone of Confusion * A region of positions in space where all sounds produce the same ITDs and ILDs * Elevation * Adds another dimension to sound localisation Turning the head can disambiguate ILD/ITD similarity

Answer 24

* A type of measurement * Describes how the pinnae, ear canal, head and torso change the intensity of sounds * different frequencies arrie at each ear from different locations in space. * Azimuth and Elevation * Each person has their own DTF based on ther own body * this helps us to locate sounds

Answer 25

* Hoffman et al. (1998) * fitted participants ears with moulds worn continuously for 6 weeks. * tested sound localisation before, during and after molds fitted

Answer 26

1. Localisation performance was accurate before mould 2. Introduction of Moulds impaired localisation 3. Gradual improvement as auditory systems calibrated 4. Performance returned to near baseline immediately after moulds removed

Answer 27

* Simplest cue is relative intensity of sound * Decrease in intensity is equal to the distance squared * As distance from a sources increases, intensity decreased faster

Answer 28

* **Respiration** from the lungs * **Phonation** from vocal chords * **Articulation** from the vocal tract

Answer 29

* The airway above the larynx used for the production of speech * Includes the oral tract and nasal tract * flexibility of vocal tract - important in speech production

Answer 30

* Initiating speech - diaphragm pushes air out of lungs, through trachea, up to larynx * **Phonation:** the process through which vocal folds are made to vibrate when air pushes out of the lungs * At larynx air must pass through two vocal folds

Answer 31

* The manner of producing a speech sound using the vocal tract * Humans can change the shape of their mocal tract by manipulatiing their jaw, lips, toungue and soft palate

Answer 32

A pattern for sound analysis that provides a three-dimensional display plotting time on the horizontal axis, frequency on the vertical axis, and intensity in color or gray scale

Answer 33

* A resonance of the vocal tract that creates a peak in the speech spectrum * Labeled by number from lowest to highest (F1, F2, F3 etc) * concentrations in energy occur at different frequencies depending on length of vocal tract

Answer 34

* Shortest segments of speech * if changed they change the meaning of the word * number of phenomes varies across languages * 11 phenomes in Hawaiian * 47 in American English * up to 60 in some African languages

Answer 35

* **Place of Articulation** - at lips, alveolar ridge etc * **Manner of Articulation** - Totally, partially or slightly obstructed airflow * Whether the vocal chords are vibrating or not is call **voicing**

Answer 36

* Where attributes of successive speech speech units overlap in articulatory or acoustic patterns * Speech production is fast: 10-15 consonants and vowels per second * Experienced talkers position of the tongue in anticipation of next consonant or vowel

Answer 37

* Researchers can manipulate sound stimuli to vary continuously from 'da' to 'ta' * People do not perceive the sounds as continuously varying * Instead they perceive sharp categorical boundaries between stimuli

Answer 38

* Motor Processes used to produce speech sounds are used in reverse to understand acoustic speech * McGurk & MacDonald (1976) showed that what someone sees can affect what they hear * The McGurk Effect

Answer 39

* Perception depends on experience eg: Dutch listeners use formant information over duration information But Second language Dutch listeners use duration over formant

Answer 40

* Babies learn to listen even before they are born * Newborns prefer hearing their mother's voice over other women's voices * Four day old french babies prefer hearing French over Russian * Newborns prefer hearing children's stories that were read aloud by their mothers

Answer 41

* Sound distinctions are specific to various languages eg R and L are not distinguished in Japanese * Infants begin filtering out irrelavant acoustics long before they start to say speech sounds

Answer 42

* Paul Broca and Carl Wernicke showed that damage to specific areas of the brain causes language problems * Broca's area and Wernicke's area are both found in the left hemisphere of the temporal lobe

Answer 43

* Damage to frontal lobe in the Broca's Area * Laboured and stilted speech * Can only speak in short sentence * Are capable of comprehending what others are saying. * Mum Had This.

Answer 44

* Music is a way to express thoughts and emotions * Oldest musical instruments are 30,000 year old flutes carved from animal bones

Answer 45

* Babies as young as 2 moths can differeniate between familiar vs unfamiliar melody * Plantinga & Trainor 2009 * Babies show a consistent preference for consonant melodies compared to dissonant melodies from as youn as four months * Zentner & Kagan 1998

Answer 46

* We automatically divide even regular beats into smaller groups where beats may have different emphasis

Answer 47

* A rare ability whereby some people are able to very accurately name or produce notes without comparison to other notes * Highly prized skill among musician * Debate as to whether AP is due to nature or nurture * More likely for people who begin musical training at a young age.

Answer 48

* An inability to perceive music * Also known as tone deafness * Very rare - 4% of the population * Can be congenita or due to damage anywhere along the auditory system

Answer 49

* No one really knows why but theories include: * Sexual attraction * Group bonding * Side effect of language evolution * Lebedeva & Kuhl (2010) found babies recognised changes in syllables better if it was sung compared to if it was spoken

Answer 50

* In one study, 45% of patients with schizophrenia met the criteria for amusia * This is compared to 9% of control subjects * Findings suggest that music therapy may be useful for patients with schizophrenia

Answer 51

Music therapy used in a number of settings including to improve anxiety and depression in Alzheimer's

Answer 52

* Music improves speech production in Parkinson’s * Lowers pain and anxiety during lumbar punctures in children with cancer

Answer 53

Listening to pleasurable music gave people "shivers-down-the-spine" or "chills“, changed heart rate and increased blood flow to reward centres of the brain

Answer 54

* Subjects showed an 8-9 point increase in spatial intelligence after listening to Mozart. * Failed to replicate in subsequent studies; and any improvements are short-lived. * Research largely supports the benefit of music training on intelligence, language and memory (Talero Gutierrez & Saade-Lemus, 2018)