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PSYC2022 - Perception & Cogition > Slides Week 10 > Flashcards

Slides Week 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Language?

A
  • The primary way people communicate
  • It is universal
  • Study of language teaches us about the mind
  • A system of communication using sounds or symbols
  • Enables us to communicate feelings, thoughts, ideas and experiences
  • Do animals have language?
  • What about KOKO?
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2
Q

Does Language Convey Meaning?

A
  • Language goes beyond fixed single message signals
    • feed me, danger, this way for food
  • Facilitates combination & arrangement of sequences of signals
  • Spoken word, letters, written words, gestures can be transmitted from one person to another
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3
Q

What does language make possible?

A
  • Create new and unique sentences
  • Has structure that is heirarchical
  • Is governed by rules which are specific ways components can be arranged
  • Heirarchical sysmtems have smaller components that are combined toform larger units
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4
Q

Language satisfies our need to Communicate

A
  • All humans develop language and learn to follow its complex rules
    *
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5
Q

Syntax

A

The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language

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6
Q

Deaf Children in Nicaragua

A
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7
Q

Language satisfies our need to communicate

A
  • All humans develop and learn to follow comples language rules
  • Is universal, all cultures have language
  • Language development is similar across cultures
  • children begin to babble around 7 months
  • First meaningful words start around 1 year
  • Multi word sentences at around 2 years.
  • Levelt 2001
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8
Q

Language Studies - Verbal Behaviourism

A
  • Language is learned through reinforcement
  • B.F. Skinner 1957
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9
Q

Language Studies - Noam Chomsky 1957

A
  • Human language is coded in our genes
  • Underlying basis of all language is similar
  • All language has similar grammatical structure
  • Children produce sentences they have never heard and don’t get reinforced
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10
Q

Psycholinguistics

A

The Study of psychological process by which humans acquire and process language

  • Comprehension
  • Speech Production
  • Representation
  • Acquisition
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11
Q

Psycholinguistics - Comprehension

A

How people understand spoken and written language

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12
Q

Psycholinguistics - Speech Production

A

How people produce language

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13
Q

Psycholinguistics - Representation

A

How Language is represented in the mind and in the brain

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14
Q

Psycholinguistics - Acquisition

A
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15
Q

Lexicon

A
  • All the words a person understands
  • Our Mental Dictionary
  • The vocabulary of a person
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16
Q

Phonology

A
  • The pronunciation of words
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17
Q

Orthography

A
  • Written form of the word
  • The conventional spelling system of a language.
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18
Q

Semantics

A
  • The meaning of words in a language
  • The analysis of word meanings and relationships between them
19
Q

Components of Words

A
  • Phonemes
  • Morphemes
20
Q

Components of Words - Phonemes

A
  • The shortest segment of speech that if changed changes the meaning of a word
  • Perceptually distinct units of sound
  • Distinguish one word from another,
21
Q

Components of Words - Morphemes

A
  • Smallest unit of language that has definable meaning
  • A unit of a language that cannot be further divided
22
Q

Phonemic Restoration effect

A
  • Meaning influence perception of sound
  • Warren 1970
  • In the sentence “there was time to *ave”,
  • People hear “wave” if the sentece was completed with “goodbye to our friends”
  • The way we perceive sounds and letters
23
Q

Perceiving individual words in sentences

A

Perceiving words is challenging because not everyone says words in the same way

24
Q

Speech Segmentation

A
  • Sound of speech easier to understand when heard spoken
  • Words in sentences usually not separated by spaces
  • Perception of words is acheived via meaning, context and statistical learning.
25
Q

Word Superiority Effect

A
  • Finding that letters are easier to recognise when they are in a word
  • Harder when they are alone or in a non-word
26
Q

Understanding Language - Phonemic Restoration

A
  • Phonemes can be perceived even if obscured by noise
  • knowledge of meaning helps fill in the blanks
27
Q

Understanding Language - Words Isolated from Conversational Speech

A
  • It is difficult to percieve the isolated words
  • Context provided by the surrounding words aids in perception of words
28
Q

Understanding Language - Speech Segmentation

A
  • Individual words are perceived in spoken sentences
  • Usually no breaks between words in speech
  • Knowledge of meaning of words in language
  • Familiar sounds that go together in a word
  • All these combined help create speech segmentation
29
Q

Understanding Language - Word Superiority

A
  • Letters presented visually are easier to recognise when in a word
  • Letters are affected by their surroundings
30
Q

Lexical Decision Task

A
  • A task where you must decide whether words are real words or not, it can be difficult
31
Q

Word Frequency Effect

A
  • We respond to high frequency words than words that are not used as often
  • Rayner & Duffy 1986 studied fixation and gaze times
  • Participants looked at low-frequency words longer than high-frequency words.
32
Q

Lexical Ambiguity

A
  • Words often have multiple meanings
    eg: River Bank, Commonwealth Bank
  • Homonyms
  • How do we know which meaning to access
  • Matthew Traxler (2012) “Many words have multiple meanings, but these meanings are not all created equal
33
Q

Meaning Dominance

A

Some meanings of words occur more frequently than others

34
Q

Biased Dominance

A
  • When words have two or more meanings with different dominances
    • Tin - A type of metal - High dominance
    • Tin - Small metal container of food - is low dominance
35
Q

Balanced Dominance

A
  • When a word has more than one meaning but the meanings have about the same dominance
    • Cast - Members of a play
    • Cast - Plaster cast
  • Both words have equal dominance
36
Q

Understanding Language -

A

The process of accessing the meaning of a word is complicated and is influenced by multiple factors.

  1. 1.The frequency of a word determines how long it takes to process its meaning.
  2. The context of the sentence determines which meaning we access.
  3. Our ability to access the correct meaning of a word depends on both the word’s frequency, dominance and context.
37
Q

Understanding Sentences - Semantics

A
  • Semantics is the meaning of words in a language
  • Also the meaning of words in a sentence
    • Syntax
    • Parsing
38
Q

Syntax

A
  • Rules for combining words into sentences
  • Sentences are strings of words in a sequence
39
Q

Parsing

A
  • Mentally grouping the words into phrases
  • This helps listener create meaning
40
Q

Brain Areas for Syntax and Semantics

A
  • Broca’s Area - linked to syntax
  • Wernicke’s Area - Linked to semantics
41
Q

Event Related Potential

A
  • (a) The N400 wave of the ERP is affected by the meaning of the word.
  • (b) The P600 wave of the ERP is affected by grammar.
  • N400 response is associated with structures in the temporal lobe.
  • P600 response is associated with structures in the
  • frontal lobe, more toward the front of the brain.
42
Q

Garden Path Sentences

A
  • Sentences that begin appearing to mean one thin but then end up meaning something else
  • Only one syntactical structure is initially considered.
  • The simplest syntactical structure is chosen.
  • The parser assumes new word is part of the current phrase (the principle of late closure).
  • Semantics do not influence syntactic construction.
  • If the syntactic structure is incompatible with additional information semantic information processed, then initial syntactic structure is revised.
43
Q

Visual World Paradigm

A
  • Tanenhaus et al. (1995)
  • developed technique to determin how subjects process information as they are observing a visual scene

PSYC2022 - Perception & Cogition (16 decks)

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