Slide Midterm Flashcards
• Hemorrhage beneath the dura • R. side • Results from: trauma → rupture of the bridge V CC: • rise in intracranial pressure • gradual & progressive bleeding→ over a period of wks Result: • Chronic Hematoma
Subdural hematoma
bact for meningitis
step. pneumonia
• Often a complication from pulmonary or middle ear infection
meningitis
-Pathogenesis:
• thick, pale inflam exudate over the frontal and parietal lobes
Clinical: • Fever, HA, Neck pn • vomiting • (+) Kernings sign • (+) CSF analysis
Meningitis
recent cerebral infarct has ____ necrosis
liquefaction
berry aneurysm arises from _____ art
causes: ______
- arises in R. ant. Communicating cerebral artery
* causes subarachnoid hemorrhage
base of the brain covered by extensive hemorrhage → located in sub-arachnoid space
cause:
• berry aneurysm
subarachoid hemorrhage
MCC of Traumatic intracerebral Hemorrhage
alcoholism (falling)
- (B) tumor arising from the arachnoid cells
* Psammoma Bodies
meningioma
MC in the intracranial space (less in the spinal dura)
• can have intramedullary hemorrhage
fx of humerus
3 phases of healing a broken bone
- inflam phase
- reparative phase
- remodeling phase
• erosion of the diploe (spongy bone portion)
bact:_______
chronic osteomyelitis
staph aureus
____: reactive woven bone that covers the sequestrium
seen in : ____
involcrum
Chronic Osteomyelitis
_____: draining sinus through the skin
seen in ______
cloaca
chronic osteomyelitis
- thickened and normal structures have been replaced by broad, pale, irregular bony trabeculae
- high serum alkaline phosphate levels
Paget’s Dx of the clavicle
(aka: osteoitis deformans)
• pathological fx, enlargement of the head and incr risk for osteogenic sarcomas
MC location of Ivory Osteoma of the skull
paranasal sinuses, orbit and dense bones
- pale tumor arising from the cortex (metaphysis) → spreads to the diaphysis→ elevates the periosteum = Codman’s triangle
- sunburst appearance: calcified osteoid extending from soft tis
Osteosarcoma of the femur
aka- osteogenic sarcoma
- Metastatic are the MC malignancy of the bone → they are lytic
- Lytic = radiolucencies on x-rays
Osteoblastic metastases (MC) secondary to prostate and breast cancer • increase serum alkaline phosphate
Metastatic breast carcinoma to the spine and pelvis
MC cause:
• atherosclerotic coronary artery dx → coagulative necrosis
acute myocardial infarction
MCC of death in MI
arrhythmias
Complications: • arrhythmias = MCC death • mural thrombus • rupture • ventricular aneurysm
Acute myocardial infarction
- thinned dilation of the wall
* Thick layer of adherent endocardial thrombus
Acute myocardial infarction with mural thrombosis
most common location of the hypertrophic muscle in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
interventricular septum
- MC in: interventricular septum
- Pallor of the M
- Inherited autosomal dominant trait
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
recurrent acute rheumatic endocarditis can lead to___
mitral incompetence
• Mitral valve: has vegetation lying along the valve closure
→ the vegetation is fibrin and platelet deposition
Mitral Incompetence with recurrent acute rheumatic endocarditis
- Rounded polypoid and gelatinous tumor
* Arising from the interatrial septum → below the fossa ovalis (mesenchymal origin)
left atrial myxoma
-MC primary cardiac tumor
MC primary cardiac tumor
left atrial myxoma
MC form of aneurysm
• (m) over age 55
Ruptured Atheromatous Aneurysm in the abdominal Aorta
Thrombosis of the femoral artery w/o tx causes_____
dry gangrene
(4) complications from varicose veins
Complications: • edema • phlebitis • thrombosis • stasis dermatitis (cutaneous ulceration)
occlusive impaction of any material in the pulmonary arterial system
MC location:
• from thromboembolism in the deep saphenous V of the leg
pulmonary embolism
pre-disposing factors: • post-partum • post-surgery • bed rest • hypercoagulability
pumonary embolism
Fatal: sudden death→ R. heart failure
- consolidation of the basal portion of the lower lobe and patchy consolidation of the middle lobe
- grayish- white appearance
bact______
bronchopneumonia
strep. Pneumonia
(3) bacterias that case bronchopneumonia
Caused by: • Strep. Pneumonia Nosocomial pneumonia: • E. Coli • Pseudomonas
• total consolidation of the upper lobe→ grayish in the lobe
uncommon:
• bc of antibiotics
cause: _______
Lobar pneumonia
cause: strep. pneumonia
Untreated case stages of lobar pneumonia
complications?
- acute congestion (1day)
- Red hepatization (2-4 days)
- Grey hepatization (4-8 days)
- Resolution (8-10 days)
Complications:
• bacteremia
• Abscess
• Pulmonary fibrosis
- large bronchiectatic cavities = coagulative material
- lung parenchyma has dense scarring
MCC: • bronchial carcinoma
Bronchiectasis
Suppurative infection : Staph aureus
Military TB complication of primary infections
Myobaterium tuberculosis
____ has millet seeds
Military TB
MC type of emphysema
Centrilobular emphysema
destruction of the respiratory bronchioles with sparing of the distal air spaces
Centrilobular emphysema
MC type of emphysema
• Obliterated lower lobe bronchus → hilar lymph nodes
ectopic hormones:
• ACTH
• ADH
• Serotonin
Oat cell carcinoma
- Round, pale neoplasm → just beneath the pleural surface
* Well defined margins of the tumor (more superficial)
Lung cancer adenocarcinoma
grows slowly= good prognosis
• esophagus ends blindly at the level of the mid-trachea → the lower portion opens into the trachea above the trachea bifurcation
Tracheo-Esophageal fistula w/ esophageal atresia
• failure of development or fusion of the septum lying btw trachea and esophagus
Tracheo-Esophageal fistula w/ esophageal atresia
bact. for Chronic Peptic Ulcers of the stomach and Duodenum
Heliobacter pylori
duod. is more common than gastric
Adenocarcinoma of the stomach–> Gastric carcinoma arises in:
pylorus and pyloric antrum
Adenocarcinoma
Of the stomach spreads via:
- via lymphatic to bilateral ovaries
* left supraclavicular node metastasis
MC developmental malformation in the alimentary system
Meckel’s Diverticulum of the Ileum
Meckel’s Diverticulum of the Ileum is a remnent of :
omphalo-mesenteric duct
location of Meckel’s Diverticulum
• antimesenteric border of the ileum → 2 ft from the ileoceccal valve
- Walls of the ileum are thick and fibrotic → w/ diffuse luminal inflam
- Can affect any part of the alimentary system→ MC terminal ileum
crohn’s dx
Characteristic: * Granulomatous inflammation • zones of inflammation in all layers • mucosal ulceration “cobblestone appearance” • stricture formation
crohn’s dx
- mucosal lesion
- thickening of the bowel walls → mucosal inflammatory pseudo-polyposis
- haustral pattern effaced
- shortening of the bowel and narrowing of the lumen
ulcerative colitis of the colon
Extends prox. From the rectum → into terminal ileum
• high in western countries
adenocarcinoma of the colon rectal region
predisposing factors: • family polyposis • crohn’s dx • ulcerative colitis • diet : low fiber/ high fat
adenocarcinoma of the colon rectal region
_____ uses duke’s system for staging
Adenocarcinoma of the colon rectal region
• Secondary: bacterial (E. Coli) inflammation
acute appendicitis
Complications:
• perforation leading to peritonitis
• subphrenic abscess
appendicitis
