COPD Q3 Flashcards
In obstructive pulmonary dx what (2) factors increase
Total Lung Capacity
Residual Vol
(all else decreases)
In restrictive pulmonary dx what factor increases
FEV 1sec/ FVC
during emphysema there is a permanent _____ of the airspaces ____
permanent enlargement
airspaces distal to teh terminal non-respiratory bronchioles
Incidence of Emphysema
age 50
pink puffers are ___cc
emphysema
(2) predisposing factos of emphysema
smoking
alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
The AP diameter is increased in ___ cc
emphysema
is emphysema alkalosis or acidosis
alkalosis
what are the conditions that have to be seen to diagnosis chronic bronchitis
excessive sputum production for at least three mo. for two consecutive yrs
incidence of chronic bronchitis
after age 32
blue bloaters
chronic bronchitis
(2) predisposing factors
smoking
air pollution
breath sounds of chronic bronchitis
wheeze
rhonci
(3) cc that are a part of COPD
chronic bronchitis
emphysema
Chronic bronchial asthma
chronic bronchitis leads to: Mucous gland \_\_\_\_ excess \_\_\_\_ production \_\_\_\_\_\_ cell hyperplasia Incr \_\_\_\_\_ Ration \_\_\_\_ atelectasis
hyperplasia excess mucous goblet cell hyperplsia increase reid index patchy atelectasis
_____: ratio of the thickness of the submucosal gland layer to the bronchial wall
increase reid Index
bronchitis
***Bronchitis can be a predisposing factor to ___ cc
cancer
squamous metaplasia
*** what is the most common type of emphysema
centrilobular emphysema
WHat structures does the centrilobular emphysema affect?**
proximal respiratory bronchiole
- spares the alveolar duct and alveoli
( the “central part”
____ emphysea is common in coal workers pneumoconiosis and smokers
centrilobular
____ emphysema involves the alveolar duct and alveoli but spares the prox respiratory bronchioles
paraseptal emphysema
____: air trapped in dilated spaces below the pleura
subpleural bulae
___: air trapped in spaces btw layers of the pleura
blebs
responsible for spontaneous pneumothorax
family hx is present in ___ bronchial asthma
extrinsic
skin test is ___ for extrinisic astha
positive
___ asthma is present in children **
extrinsic
can grow out of it
___: whorls of shed epithelium in asthma
curschmann’s spirals
____: crystalloid of eosinophilic membrane protein in asthma
charcot - leyden crystals
cc_____: characterized by a horse, high pitched cough
acute largyngeotrachitis
*** etiology of acute laryngeotrachitis
MCC is streptococcus
haemophilus
or viruses
cc___: inflam at all levels of the bronchial tree
bronchitis
*** pathology of bronchitis
exudative infiltrate of neutrophils and fibrin due to chems, bacteria, viruses, cell infiltration, and congestion
*** cc_____: a patchy consolidation of acute inflammation arising in the bronchus and extending focally into the lung
bacterial pneumonia
*** MCC organisms that cause acquired pneumonia is ____
*** MCC organism that causes nosocomial pneumonia is ____
acquired: streptococcus pneumonia in 80%
Nosocomial: E. Coli and pseudomonas
MC location of bacterial pneumonia
lower lobe
Liquefactive necrosis
*** cc____pneumonia: involved entire lobe of a lung and is NOT patchy
Lobar pneumonia
*** most common bact. that affects lobar pneumonia
streptococcus pneumonia
***What is the most serious stage in lobar pneumonia pathology
stage of red hepatization (2-4 days) : dry and firm, red protein exudate has lots of neutrophils.
MC cause of walking pneumonia
Atypical pneumonia (mycoplasma pneumoniae)
*** MCC of atypical pneumonia
mycoplasma pneumonia
***cc____: chronic necrotizing infection of the bronchi and bronchioles with a permanent abnormal bronchial dilation (suppurative)
bronchiectasis
***Location of beonchiectasis
lower lobe
Describe Kartagner’s sx that is seen in bronchiectasis
bronchiectasis
sinusitis
sutus inversus
*** Name 4 bronchiectasis clinical findings
cough
fever
foul smelling purulent sputum
clubbing fingers
cc___: aspiration of infected material will cause a local suppurative process within the parenchyma
pulmonary abscess
occurs in the L. lung
***The initial focus of primary TB is called ___ in the upper part of the lower lobes or the lower part of the upper lobes
Ghon Focus
in the hilar nodes
*** location of secondary TB
apex
***secondary TB is called ___
miliary TB
*** cc___: occurs in large river valley of Midwest and eastern US.
histoplasmosis
histoplasma capsulatum fungus
cc___: diffuse pulm dx characterized by leaky pulm cap’s proteinaceous deposits in alveoli and atelectasis
adult respiratory distress sx (ARDS)
*** MCC of adult respiratory distress sx (ARDS)
septis
***CC__: collapse of alveoli by obstruction of the airway or the failure of complete expansion of the lung at birth.
atelectasis
***CC____: hyaline membrane disease. Affects infants with predisposing factors (prematurity, prenatal asphyxia, or babies w/ diabetic mothers)
neonatal respiratory distress sx
decr in pulm surfactant leads to atelectasis
***Cc____: decr in pulm surfactant leads to atelectasis
neonatal respiratory distress sx
*** _____: coal worker or black lung disease due to deposition of coal dust
anthrascosis
***_____: affects shipyard workers, insulation, and roofing workers who inhale fibers. Damage to lung pleura.
asbestos
***_____: (hypersensitivity pneumonitis) type III hypersensitivity immune complex
farmers lung
**MC primary cancer is ____
adenocarcinoma
*** smokers get ____ carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
What is the overall most common type of lung cancer
metastatic
*** small oat cell carcinoma has secretory products such as (4)
beta lipotropine
ACTH
ADH
Serotonin
*** What cancer is associated with asbestos exposure
malignant mesothelioma
*** lung is encapsulated by thick, firm, white pleural tumor tissue called ____ or _____ that metastasize to lymph nodes and liver.
psammoma bodies or onion ring
