Sleep Disorders Flashcards
What are the stages of sleep?
Non-REM (N1, N2, N3) and REM
When you are awake with your eyes open, your EEG will show low amplitude, high frequency waves called
Beta waves
Low amplitude, high frequency waves
Beta waves
If you are awake with eyes closed, your EEG will pick up
-Increased amplitude
Alpha waves
Considered to be the lightest sleep (easy to wake) and is comprised of theta waves
N1
The smallest percentage of sleep time
N1
Also made up of theta waves and makes up the largest percentage of sleep time
N2
A sudden increase in amplitude of N2 waves
K complexes
A sudden increase in frequency in N2 complexes
Sleep spindles
The last phase before REM sleep
-Made up of delta waves
N3
The deepest sleep, I.e. hardest to wake from
-Where we see sleep walking, sleep talking, and bed wetting
N3
Rapid eye movements originating from the PPRF
-Low voltage pattern that often appears saw-toothed
REM sleep
During REM sleep we have a loss of
Motor tone
Dreaming, nightmares, and penile tumescence occurs during
REM sleep
Sleep goes through cycles during the night. One cycle from NREM to REM is about
90 minutes
During cycles, the length of REM
Increases
During cycles, the length of N3
Decreases
N3 and REM sleep % is decreased by
Sedative drugs (alcohol, benzos, and barbituates)
REM starts quicker after sleep onset with
-Decreased REM sleep latency
Depression
Has an increase in total REM sleep with a decrease in slow-wave N3 sleep
Depression
Undesirable physical events and unwanted experiences that occur during sleep
Parasomnias
Disorders of arousal during sleep
-Occur during non-REM sleep
NREM disorders
NREM disorders usually occur in
N3
Sleepwalking, sleep terrors, and sleep-related sting disorders are forms of
NREM disorders
How can we treat NREM disorders and what is the affect?
Benzodiazepines (decrease N3 sleep)
Neurological disorder of sleep-wake cycles
- Sleep during wakefulness
- Wakefulness during sleep
Narcolepsy
Narcolepsy causes excessive
Daytime sleepiness
Caused by decreased neuropeptides in the lateral hypothalamus
Narcolepsy
What are the two neuropeptides that are decreased in Narcolepsy?
Orexin-A (hypocretin-1) and Orexin B (hypocretin-2)
Not tired when waking in the morning
-Fall asleep during the day, often at inappropriate times
Narcolepsy
Sudden loss of muscle tone, usually affecting the face, neck, or knees
Cataplexy
Muscle weakness that may lead to collapse, but with NO loss of consciousness (contrast w/ syncope)
Cataplexy
Cataplexy is triggered by
Strong emotions
Hallucinations usually occur when falling asleep, in other words they are
Hypnagogic
Hallucinations that occur when awakening are called
Hypnopompic
Inability to move after awakening for 1-2 minutes
-Caused by REM sleep while awake
Sleep paralysis
Sleep paralysis may occur concomitantly with
Hallucinations
When orexin neurons are killed by an autoimmune process, we see
Narcolepsy
Narcolepsy is strongly associated with
HLA DQB1
A controlled substance that promotes wakefulness and is used to treat narcolepsy
Modafinil
Indirect sympathomimetics that increase dopamine and norepinephrine CNS levels
-Used to treat Narcolepsy and ADHD
Methylphenidate and amphetamines
Salt form of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), a GABA analogue
Sodium oxybate
A CNS depressant that is used to treat narcolepsy with the main benefit of reducing cataplexy
Sodium oxybate
The illegal version of GHB is the
Date rape drug
