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Respiratory > Sleep Apnoea and Neuromuscular Failure > Flashcards

Sleep Apnoea and Neuromuscular Failure Flashcards

1
Q

What is sleep apnoea?

A

Recurrent episodes of upper airway obstruction leading to apnoea during sleep

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2
Q

What is sleep apnoea usually associated with?

A

Heavy snoring

Unrefreshing sleep

Daytime smnolence/sleepiness

Poor daytime concentration

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3
Q

What is A?

A

Tensor palatini

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4
Q

What is B?

A

Levator palatini

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5
Q

What is C?

A

Genioglossus

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6
Q

What is D?

A

Epiglottis

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7
Q

What is E?

A

Genu of mandible

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8
Q

What is F?

A

Geniohyoid

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9
Q

What is G?

A

Hyoid bone

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10
Q

What is H?

A

Thyrohyoid

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11
Q

What is I?

A

Thyroid cartilage

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12
Q

What is J?

A

Nasopharynx

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13
Q

What is K?

A

Velopharynx

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14
Q

What is L?

A

Oropharynx

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15
Q

What is M?

A

Hypopharnx

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16
Q

What does OSAS stand for?

A

Obstructive sleep apnoea

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17
Q

What does obstructive sleep apnoea lead to?

A

Impaired quality of life

Martial disharmony

Increased risk of road traffic accidents

Associated with hypertension, increased risk of stroke and probably increase risk of heart disease

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18
Q

What is the prevalence of sleep apnoea?

A

2% of adult men

1% of adult woman

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19
Q

What does the diagnosis of sleep apnoea involve?

A

Clinical history and examination

Epworth questionaire

Overnight sleep study

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20
Q

What are examples of overnight sleep studies?

A

Pulse oximetry

Limited sleep studies

Full polysomnography

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21
Q

What is the epworth questionaire?

A

Different things where you rate your chance of dozing between 0 and 3

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22
Q

What is this?

A

Overnight oximetry

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23
Q

What is polysomnography?

A

Sleep study used to diagnose sleep disorders, recording brain waves, oxygen level in your blood, heart rate and breathing

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24
Q

What does a polysomnography record?

A

Brain waves

Oxygen level in your blood

Heart rate

Breathing

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25
What is a sleep stud that diagnoses sleep disorders by recording brain waves, oxygen levels, heart rate and breathing?
Polysomnography
26
What does PSG stand for?
Polysomnography
27
What does a polysomnography involve?
Oronasal airflow Thoracoabdominal movement Oximetry Body position Brain activity (EEG) Audio-visual recording Eye movements (EOG) Skeletal muscle activation (EMG) Electrocardiogram (ECG)
28
What is oximetry?
Measures a persons oxygen saturation
29
What measures a persons oxygen saturation?
Oximetry
30
What does EEG measure?
Brain activity
31
What does EOG measure?
Eye movements
32
What does EMG measure?
Skeletal muscle activation
33
What does ECG measure?
Heart rhythm and electrical activity
34
What does the severity of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) depend on?
Amount of apnoea per hour
35
What are the different classes of severity of obstructive sleep apnoea?
Normal (0-5) Mild (5-15) Moderate (15-30) Severe (\>30)
36
What is considered normal severity?
0 - 5 apnoea
37
What is considered mild severity?
5-15 apnoea
38
What is considered moderate severity?
15-30 apnoea
39
What is considered severe severity?
\>30 apnoea
40
What is an apnoea?
Temporary cessation (stopping) of breathing, especially during sleep
41
What is the temporary cessation of breathing, especially during sleep called?
Apnoea
42
What is AHI?
Number of apnoea's recorded during the study per hour of sleep
43
What does the treatment of sleep apnoea involve?
Identify exacerbating factors Continous positive airways pressure Mandibular repositioning splint
44
What could be exacerbating factors for sleep apnoea?
Weight Alcohol Endocrine disorders
45
What can be said about patients with sleep apnoea and driving?
They should not drive, you should inform the DVLA of their condition
46
What is narcolepsy?
Sleep disorder characterised by excessive sleepiness, sleep paralysis, hallucinations and in some cases episodes of cataplexy
47
What is a sleep disorder characterise by excessive sleepiness, sleep paralysis, hallucinations and in some cases episodes of cataplexy?
Narcolepsy
48
What is cataplexy?
Total or partial loss of muscle control
49
What is total or partial loss of muscle control called?
Cataplexy
50
What is the prevalence of narcolepsy?
0.05%
51
How do people develop narcolepsy?
It is genetic
52
What genes is narcolepsy associated with?
HLA-DRB1\*1501 HLA-DQB1\*0602
53
What are the clinical features of narcolepsy?
Cataplexy Excessive daytime somnolence Hypnagogic hallucinations Sleep paralysis
54
What is sleep paralysis?
Temporary inability to move or speak when you are falling asleep or waking up
55
What is the temporary inability to move or speak when you are falling asleep or waking up called?
Sleep paralysis
56
What is used for the treatment of narcolepsy?
Modafinil Clomipramine Sodium oxybate
57
What is chronic ventilatory failure?
Elevated PCO2 (\>6kPa) PO2 Normal blood pH Elevated bicarbonate
58
What is the aetiology of chronic ventilatory failure?
Airways disease Chest wall abnormalities Respiratory muscle weakness Central hypoventilation
59
What are examples of airway diseases that can lead to chronic ventilatory failure?
COPD Bronchiectasis OSA (obstructive sleep apnoea)
60
What is an example of a chest wall abnormality that can lead to chronic ventilatory failure?
Kyphoscoliosis
61
What are examples of respiratory muscle weakness that can lead to chronic ventilatory failure?
Motor neurone disease (ALS) Muscular dystrophy
62
What are examples of central hypoventilation problems that can lead to chronic ventilatory failure?
Obesity hypoventilation syndrome Central hypoventilation syndrome (Ondine's curse)
63
What are typical symptoms of chronic ventilatory failure?
Breathlessness Orthopnoea Ankle swelling Morning headache Recurrent chest infections Disturbed sleep
64
What is orthopnoea?
Shortness of breath when lying flat
65
What is shortness of breath when lying flat called?
Orthopnoea
66
What are the examination findings of chronic ventilatory failure?
Reflects underlying diease Particularly look for paradoxical abdominal wall motion in suspected neuromuscular disease Ankle oedema
67
What should you particularly look for in the examination for suspected neuromuscular disease?
Paradoxical abdominal wall motion
68
What investigations are done for neuromuscular disease?
Lung function Assessment of hypoventilation Flouroscopic screening of diaphragms
69
What is used for the assessement of lung function for neuromuscular disease?
Lying and standing vital capacity Mouth pressures
70
What is used for the assessment of hypoventilation in neuromuscular disease?
Early morning arterial blood gases Overnight oximetry Transcutaneous CO2 monitoring

Respiratory (37 decks)

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