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Respiratory > Pulmonary Blood Flow and Gas Exchange and Transport 1 > Flashcards

Pulmonary Blood Flow and Gas Exchange and Transport 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How does alveolar ventilation and compliance change with height from the base to the apex?

A

Both of them decline

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2
Q

Why does compliance decline with height from the base to the apex?

A

Alveoli are more inflated at FRC at the apex, since the ones at the base are more compressed

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3
Q

What does the alveoli at the apex being more inflated than the ones at the base mean for changes in intrapleural pressure?

A

Changes in pressure brings about bigger changes in alveolar volume at the base

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4
Q

What does the pulmonary vein carry?

A

Oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

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5
Q

What does the pulmonary artery carry?

A

Deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

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6
Q

What are the 2 kinds of blood supply to the lungs?

A

Bronchial circulation

Pulmonary circulation

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7
Q

What is the purpose of bronchial circulation?

A

Supply the lungs with nutrients

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8
Q

What circulation supplies the lungs with nutients?

A

Bronchial circulation

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9
Q

What is bronchial circulation supplied via?

A

Bronchial arteries from systematic circulation to supply oxygenated blood to airway smooth muscle, nerves and lung tissue

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10
Q

What is the purpose of pulmonary circulation?

A

Gas exchange

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11
Q

What circulation is used for gas exchange?

A

Pulmonary circulation

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12
Q

What does pulmonary circulation consist of?

A

Left and right pulmonary arteries originating from the right ventricle

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13
Q

What does pulmonary circulation do?

A

Carries entire cardiac output from right ventricle, supplying dense capillary network surrounding the alveoli and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium via the pulmonary vein

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14
Q

What kind of system is the pulmonary circulation?

A

High flow, low pressure

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15
Q

How does air diffuse across membranes?

A

Down its partial gradiants

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16
Q

What does gas exchange occur due to?

A

Presence of partial pressures

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17
Q

Where is the partial pressure of oxygen highest?

A

In arterial circulation

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18
Q

Where is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide highest?

A

In venous circulation

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19
Q

What does the abbreviation “A” mean in regards to partial pressures?

A

Alveolar

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20
Q

What does the abbreviation “a” mean in regards to partial pressures?

A

Arterial blood

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21
Q

What does the abbreviation “v” mean with regards to partial pressures?

A

Mixed venous blood (such as pulmonary artery)

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22
Q

What does PaO2 mean?

A

Partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood

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23
Q

What does PACO2 mean?

A

Partial pressure of carbon dioxide in alveolar air

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24
Q

What does mixed venous blood (v) reflect the values of?

A

Values in tissue

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25
What does arterial blood (a) reflect the values of?
Values of lungs
26
What rules does the diffusion of gases follow?
Rules for simple diffusion: Moves across a membrane that is permeable to that gas Moves down it's partial pressure grandient until equilbrium is reached
27
What must a membrane be for a gas to diffuse across it?
Permeable to that gas
28
When does a gas stop diffusing down it's concentration gradient?
When equilbrium is reached
29
What is the rate of diffusion across a membrane directly proportional to?
Partial pressure gradient Gas solubility Surface area
30
What is the rate of diffusion across a membrane inversely proportionate to?
Thickness of the membrane
31
When is diffusion most rapid?
Over short distances
32
Why does oxygen diffuse quicker than carbon dioxide, but no as great as might be expected?
Oxygen has a much greater partial pressure gradient Carbon dioxide is much more soluble
33
What is the typical diffusion rate of oxygen?
250ml/min
34
What is the typical diffusion rate of carbon dioxide?
200ml/min
35
What does partial pressure in the alveoli reflect?
Systemic arterial blood
36
What does partial pressure in pulmonary arteries reflect?
Partial pressure at tissues
37
What are the typical partial pressure values for oxygen and CO2 in alveoli?
Oxygen 100mmHg Carbon dioxide 40mmHg
38
What are the typical partial pressure values for oxygen and CO2 in the pulmonary arteries?
Oxygen 40mmHg Carbon dioxide 46mmHg
39
What are some pathologies that affect gas exchange?
Emphysema Fibrotic lung disease Pulmonary edema Asthma
40
How does emphysema affect gas exchange?
Destruction of alveoli reduces surface area for gas exchange
41
What disease reduces the surface area for gas exchange?
Emphysema
42
How does fibrotic lung disease affect gas exchange?
Thickened alveolar membrane slows gas exchange, loss of lung compliance may decrease alveolar ventilation
43
What disease thickens alveolar membranes and slows gas exchange?
Fibrotic lung disease
44
How does a pulmonary edema affect gas exchange?
Fluid in interstitial space increases diffusion distance Arterial PCO2 may be normal due to higher CO2 solubility in water
45
What disease causes fluid in interstitial space that increases the distance gas needs to diffuse?
Pulmonary edema
46
How does asthma affect gas exchange?
Increased airway resistance decreases airway ventilation
47
What disease increases airway resistance and decreases alveolar ventilation?
Asthma
48
What is present to help diffusion between alveoli and red blood cells?
Alveoli have a large surface area Thin membrane between the two for a short diffusion distance
49
What does this show the histology of?
Fibrotic alveoli
50
What does this chest X-ray show?
Fibrosis
51
What does this histology show?
Pulmonary oedema
52
What disease has this lung suffered from?
Emphysema
53
How should ventilation and perfusion compare to each other?
Complement each other
54
What is ventilation?
Air getting to alveoli in L/min
55
What is perfusion?
Local blood flow in L/min
56
How do blood flow and ventilation change with heigh across the lung?
Both decrease
57
How does blood flow compare to ventilation at the base of the lung and why?
Blood flow is higher than ventilation due to arterial pressure exceeding alveolar pressure, which compresses the alveoli
58
Why are alveoli at the base of the lung compressed?
Because arterial pressure exceeds alveolar pressure
59
How does blood flow compare to ventilation at the apex?
Blood flow is less than ventilation at the apex because arterial pressure is less than alveolar pressure, which compresses the arteries
60
Why are the arteries compressed at the apex of the lung?
Because arterial pressure is less than alveolar pressure
61
Where in the lung are alveoli and arteries compressed?
Alveoli are compressed at the base Arteries are compressed at the apex
62
How does blood flow and ventilation compare between the apex and the base of the lung?
Both are smaller at the apex, but at the base blood flow is greater than ventilation whereas at the apex ventilation is greater than blood flow
63
Why does the ratio of ventilation to perfusion change within the lung between the base and the apex?
Due to difference between alveolar and arterial pressures, and because of gravity
64
What is a perfectly matched ventilation/perfusion ratio?
1
65
What is a mismatch ventilation:perfusion ratio?
Anything greater than or less than 1
66
How much of a healthy lung performs well in matching perfusion and ventilation?
Over 75%
67
Where does majority of the ventilation:perfusion mismatch take place?
Apex
68
What occurs at the apex to try and keep the ventilation:perfusion ratio near 1?
Auto regulation, diverting blood to better ventilated alveoli
69
What happens if ventilation becomes less than perfusion?
PCO2 increases and PO2 decreases Blood flowing past those alveoli does not get oxygenated
70
What is alveolar dead space?
When ventilation is greater than blood flow
71
What is shunt?
When blood flow is greater than ventilation
72
What happens when ventilation is greater than blood flow?
Increase in alveolar PO2 causing pulmonary vasodilation Decrease in alveolar PCO2 causing mild bronchial constriction
73
What is the response to alveolar dead space?
Increase perfusion and to lesser the extent decrease ventilation to bring the ratio back towards 1
74
What is anatomical dead space?
Air in the conducting zone of the respiratory tract unable to participate in gas exchange as walls of the airways in this region are too thick
75
What is the air in conducting zones of the respiratory tract that is unable to participate in gas exchange due to the wall being to thick called?
Anatomical dead space
76
What is physiologic dead space?
Alveolar dead space + anatomical dead space
77
What is alveolar dead space + anatomical dead space?
Physiologic dead space
78
How would you describe pulmonary arterial pressures?
Low
79
What are typical sysolic and diastolic pulmonary arterial pressures?
Systolic 25mmHg Diastolic 8mmHg
80
What is the low pressure of the pulmonary arterial blood flow more susceptable to?
Effects of gravity which gives rise to a greater degree of variability in blood flow within the lung, the base being highly perfused compared to the apex
81
Why is the base highly perfused compared to the apex?
Gravity having a great impact on the vessels due to the low pressure
82
Why are the overall diffusion rates of CO2 and oxygen similar dispite CO2 diffusing much faster?
Oxygen has a greater partial pressure difference

Respiratory (37 decks)

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