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Respiratory > Developmental Aspects of Lung Disease > Flashcards

Developmental Aspects of Lung Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is morphogenesis?

A

The origin and development of morphological characteristics

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2
Q

What is morphology?

A

Branch of biology dealing with the study of the form and structure of organisms

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3
Q

What are the stages of lung morphogenesis?

A

1) Embryonic (3-8 weeks)
2) Pseudo-glandular (5-17 weeks)
3) Canalicular (16-26 weeks)
4) Saccular (24-38 weeks)
5) Alveolar (36 weeks - 2/3 years)

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4
Q

When is the embryonic stage of lung morphogenesis?

A

3-8 weeks

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5
Q

When is the pseudo-glandular stage of lung morphogenesis?

A

5-17 weeks

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6
Q

When is the canalicular stage of lung morphogenesis?

A

16-26 weeks

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7
Q

When is the succular stage of lung morphogenesis?

A

24-38 weeks

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8
Q

When is the alveolar stage of lung morphogenesis?

A

36 weeks - 2/3 years

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9
Q

What stage of lung morphogenesis is this?

A

Embryonic

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10
Q

What stage of lung morphogenesis is this?

A

Pseudo-glandular

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11
Q

What happens to the alveoli after birth?

A

They continue to seperate

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12
Q

How many alveoli are there at birth compared to at 3-8 years?

A

100-150 million at birth

200-600 million at 3-8 years

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13
Q

What happens to alveolar dimensions as children age?

A

They increase

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14
Q

What happens during the embryonic and pseudo-glandular stages?

A

Formation of major airways

Formation of bronchial tree and portions of respiratory parenchyma

Birth of the acinus

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15
Q

What happens during the canalicular stage?

A

Last generation of the lung periphery formed

Epithelial differentiation

Air blood barrier formed

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16
Q

What happens during the saccular stage?

A

Expansion of air spaces

Surfactant detectable in amniotic fluid

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17
Q

What happens during the alveolar stage?

A

Secondary seperation

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18
Q

When are presenting problems found?

A

Foetal ultrasound (75%)

Childhood (15%)

Newborn (10%)

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19
Q

What presenting problems are detected in a newborn?

A

Trachypnoea (abnormally rapid breathing)

Respiratory distress

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20
Q

What is trachypnoea?

A

Abnormally rapid breathing

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21
Q

What is abnormally rapid breathing called?

A

Trachypnoea

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22
Q

What problems are often detected in childhood?

A

Wheeze/stridor

Recurrent pneumonia (same region of the lung)

Incidental finding

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23
Q

What is congenital?

A

A disease present from birth

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24
Q

What is a disease present from birth known as?

A

Congenital

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25
What are some common congenital lung diseases?
Tracheo-bronchomalacia Pulmonary adenomatoid malformation
26
What are symptoms of tracheo-bronchomalacia?
Barking cough Early onset Breathless on exertion Stridor/wheeze
27
What is the management of tracheo-bronchomalacia?
Airway clearance physiotherapy Antibiotics Avoid asthma treatment
28
What is trachea-bronchomalacia?
Uncommon disease of the central airways resulting from softening or damage of the cartilaginous structures of the airway walls in the trachea and bronchi
29
What is pulmonary adenomatoid malformation?
Usually an entire lobe of lung is replaced with is replaced with a non-working cystic piece of abnormal lung tissue
30
When does closure of the diaphragm occur?
About 18 weeks
31
What contributes to the development of the diaphragm?
Variety of primitive tissues
32
What are some possible diaphragm abnormalities?
Diaphragmatic hernia Eventuation (protrusion of contents of the abdoment through a defect or weakness in the abdominal wall)
33
What are some possible causes of a diaphragmatic hernia?
Pulmonary hypoplasia Persistent pulmonary hypertension
34
What is pulmonary hypoplasia?
Incomplete development of the lungs, resulting in a low number of bronchopulmonary segments or alveoli
35
What is persistant pulmonary hypertension?
Babies circulation does not change over from feotal to newborn circulation, so blood is forced away from the lungs due to high pressure in the arteries
36
What is eventuation?
Protrusion of contents of the abdoment through a defect or weakness in the abdominal wall
37
What is protrusion of contents of the abdomen through a defect or weakness in the abdominal wall known as?
Eventuation
38
What is a diaphragmatic hernia?
Abnormal opening in the diaphragm
39
What is a functional change in the lungs at birth?
Change from fluid secretion to fluid absorption
40
What could the change from fluid secretion to fluid absorption of the lungs at birth cause?
Transient tachypnea
41
What is transient tachypea?
Retained foetal lung fluid
42
What is transient tachypnea associated with?
Caesarean section delivery
43
How long does it take for transient tachypnea to resolve?
24-48 hours
44
What is surfactant?
Detergent made from phospholipids and lipophillic proteins
45
What are the functions of surfactant?
Stabolises alveoli and promotes gas exchange
46
What is surfactant secreted by?
Type II pneumocytes
47
What do type II pneumocytes contain that allows them to secrete surfactant?
Lamellar bodies which are secretory organelles
48
What are lamellar bodies?
Secretory organelles
49
What is an example of a neotatal lung disease caused by surfactant deficiency?
Hyaline membrane disease (RDS)
50
What is hyaline membrane disease?
The same as respiratory distress syndrome, caused by a deficiency of surfactant
51
What is hyaline membrane disease also known as?
Respiratory distress syndrome
52
What is the treatment of hyaline membrane disease?
Antenatal glucoricoids Surfactant replacement Supportive
53
What is chronic neonatal lung disease?
General term for persistant respiratory problems in premature babies
54
What is chronic neonatal lung disease also known as?
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia or CLD prematurity
55
What are some of the possible causes of chronic neonatal lung disease?
Antenatal infection Barotrauma/oxygen toxicity Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) Genetic
56
What is barotrauma?
Physical damage to bodies due to the pressure difference of gases inside and outside it
57
What is patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)?
Ductus arteriosus fails to close after birth
58
What does chronic neonatal lung disease increase the chances of?
Childhood respiratory morbidity Future risk of COPD
59
What is morbidity?
The condition of being diseased
60
What are some antenatal origins of adult lung disease (COPD)?
In utero nicotine exposure Foetal infection Maternal nutrition Low birth weight/prematurity Maternal macronutrients/vitamins
61
What are some post-natal origins of adult lung disease (COPD)?
Infection Growth ETS (environmental tobacco smoke) Envrionmental pollution Macronutrient/vitamins
62
What is remodelling?
Alteration of structure following an external influence
63
What are examples of remodelling due to pre-natal nicotine exposure?
Lung hypoplasia Reduced alveolarisation Reduced lung function Increased susceptability to infection Interference of inter-cellular signalling
64
What is lung hypoplasia?
Incomplete development of the lungs, resulting in low numbers of bronchoplumonary segments or alveoli
65
What are examples of remodelling due to asthma?
Chronic inflammation Increased bronchial responsiveness Increased mucuc secretions Airway oedema Airway narrowing
66
What are examples of remodelling due to chronic neonatal lung disease (CNLD)?
Chronic inflammation Interference of inter-cellular signalling Treatment toxicity
67
What is CNLD?
Chronic neonatal lung disease
68
What is this curve called and what does it tell us?
Fletcher peto curve, which tells us the damage from smoking is irreversible, but the decline can be slowed by stopping
69
What cause of death is COPD?
3rd leading cause of death in the world
70
What leads to remodelling of the airway/lung parenchyma?
Antenatal programming Environmental exposure Gene interactions
71
What does low lung function at birth increase the risk of in later life?
COPD

Respiratory (37 decks)

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