Sleep and Memory Consolidation

Question 1

The sleep effect - metabolism

Answer 1

metabolism is slower during sleep, leading to less forgetting

Question 1

the sleep effect - less interference

Answer 1

less interference when asleep so therefore less forgetting

Question 2

the sleep effect - consolidation

Answer 2

process of stabilizing memories after learning

Question 3

REM deprivation

Answer 3

results in fragile memory, as shown by Fishbein 1970

Question 4

Emotional memory formation

Answer 4

enhanced across intervals with high REM sleep as observed by Wagner 2001

Question 5

evidence that REM sleep is involved with emotional declarative memory

Answer 5

Walker proposes that mood disorders may be a result of disrupted sleep rather than a cause of it

Question 6

Fishbein 2009

Answer 6

• impact of sleep duration and subject intelligence on declarative and motor memory performance
• speed improvement on the procedural task was related to stage 2 sleep duration

Question 7

Walker 2005

Answer 7

• proposes an acquisition, stabilization, enhancement model
• in this SWS aids stabilization, REM aids enhancement by interconnecting stabilized memories
• REM sleep really important for memory consolidation

Question 8

Born 2010 - SWS and REM for memory consolidation

Answer 8

• reactivation occurring naturally in sleep benefits consolidation

Question 9

Neumann 2020 - cue odor for consolidation

Answer 9

found some influence for a odor cue for retrieval and effect for consolidation during sleep

Question 10

Stickgold and Walker 2013

Answer 10

• sleep dependent memory consolidation is greater if participants are told they will be re-tested
• integration of new with old memories can produce new knowledge

Question 11

Sleep and memory

Answer 11

sleep may support active memory consolidation rather than decay or interference account

Question 12

Wamsley 2010

Answer 12

dreaming of a learning task is associated with enhancement sleep dependent memory consolidation

Question 13

Wamsley 2010 - procedure

Answer 13

• hypothesized that dreaming about a learning experience during NREM sleep would be associated with improvement performance on a memory task

Question 14

different phases of sleep and the link to memories

Answer 14

• when sleep, brain cycles through different phases
• light sleep
• deep sleep
• REM
• cycles repeat every 90 mins
• memories become more stable in brain during deep sleep
• after that, REM - play a crucial role in linking together memories
• why a full night sleep - help solve problems
• REM also helps process emotional memories

Question 15

Sleep enhancing memory consolidation

Answer 15

• evidence to support sleep and memory consolidation is robust and well-established
• studies demonstrate that sleep (NREM and REM) play a crucial role in memory consolidation
• during sleep the brain processes and integrates newly acquired information, leading to improvements in memory performance

Question 16

NREM sleep associated with Memory consolidation

Answer 16

• mainly SWS is associated with declarative memories
• during SWS slow oscillations facilitate the transfer of information from temporary storage to long-term storage

Question 17

REM and Memory consolidation

Answer 17

• during REM activation of regions involved in emotional processing and memory reactivation
• associated with consolidation of procedural memories
• the activation of the cholinergic system during REM sleep may facilitate memory reactivation

Question 18

dynamic interactions between NREM and REM in memory consolidation

Answer 18

• cycles of NREM and REM sleep may facilitate the processing of memories
• NREM - promoting memory stability
  REM - facilitates memories flexibility and emotional processing

Question 19

individual differences affecting memory consolidation

Answer 19

differences in sleep architecture, such as age-related changes and sleep disorders can affect memory consolidation

Question 20

NREM

Answer 20

• REM sleep previously believed to be the most important sleep phase for learning and memory
• new data suggest that NREM sleep is more important - as well as being a more restful stage

Question 21

NREM sleep and dream activity

Answer 21

• dreaming occur during NREM - albeit to a lesser extent
• presence of dreaming during this stage challenges the association between REM ad dreaming and suggests that dream formation may involved complex interaction between different sleep stages

Question 22

REM not being the only stage for dream formation and recall

Answer 22

alternative perspectives suggest that dreaming can occur during NREM and may involve complex interactions between different sleep stages and brain mechanisms