sleep and dreaming Flashcards
1
Q
define altered states of consciousness
A
forms of experience that depart from the normal subjective experience of the world and the mind
2
Q
what is the hypnagogic state
A
preesleep consciousness
3
Q
what is a hypnic jerk?
A
quiver/ jerk sense of dropping
4
Q
what is hypnopompic state
A
postsleep consciousness.
5
Q
define circadian rhythm
A
a naturally occuring 14-hour cycle
6
Q
what happens to sleep when people go underground without clocks and why?
A
rest-active rhythm of 25.1 hours
people want to stay up a little later each night and wake up a little later each morning
7
Q
what waves are high frequency activity?
A
beta- alertedness
8
Q
which waves are low frequency activity
A
alpha- relaxation
9
Q
what do EEG recordings show about waking
A
alternation between alpha and beta waves
10
Q
what waves are present when awake?
A
beta
11
Q
what waves are present when drowsy?
A
alpha
12
Q
what waves are present during stage one sleep?
A
theta- frequency patterns even lower than alpha
13
Q
what occurs in stage 2 sleep?
A
sleep spindles and K complexes–> these are short bursts of activity
14
Q
when does the sleeper become more difficult to wake?
A
stage 2
15
Q
what waves are present in stage 3/4 of sleep
A
delta waves
16
Q
what waves are present in REM sleep?
A
sawtooth waves- high frequency
17
Q
what do the waves in REM sleep suggest about activity of the mind?
A
it is as active as during waking
18
Q
define REM
A
a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements and high level of brain activity
19
Q
what is REM sometimes known as
A
paradoxical sleep
20
Q
what is an electrooculograph (EOG)
A
a device that measures eye movements
21
Q
what do sleepers woken during REM sleep report?
A
having dreams more often than those woken in non-REM periods
22
Q
what physically happens during REM sleep?
A
eyes move
pulse quickens
blood pressure rises
telltale signs of sexual arousal
23
Q
what do measurements of muscle movement indicate about REM sleep?
A
the sleeper is very still
24
Q
what % of people woken in REM sleep report dreaming
A
95%
25
how did Dement et al. find out about time perception during REM sleep
woke volunteers wither 5 or 15 mins into REM sleep
volunteers asked to guess how long in they had been woken. high accuracy
suggest that dreaming occurs in real time
26
do all dreams occur in REM sleep?
no but not as many and these dreams are less wild and more like normal thinking
27
what happens in the first hour of the night in sleep?
you fall from waking through the stages to the fourth and deepest stage of sleep (delta waves)
28
what do slow delta waves indicate about nerual firing
slow synchronised neural firing
29
what happens post the fist hour of sleep
you return to the lighter stages eventually reaching REM
30
is REM deeper or lighter than other stages?
lighter
31
how often does one cycle through REM and other stages of sleep through the night?
every 90 mins
32
what happens to periods of REM as the night goes on?
they get longer
33
what happens to stages 3 and 4 of sleep as the night goes on?
they disappear half way through the night
34
how do newborns sleep
often total +16 hours
sleep 6-8 times in 24 hours
35
what happens between 9 and 18 months?
napping cycle consolidates into sleeping through the night
36
how much sleep does the typical 6 year old need
11-12 hours
37
how much sleep does the average adult need?
7-7.5 hours
38
over a whole life time what is the sleep to awake ratio?
2 hours awake to one hour asleep
39
how long is the longest time awake?
11 days
40
when did the person who stayed awake for 11 days find it difficult to stay awake?
during the night
41
what were symptoms of staying up for 11 days?
main one was feeling tires along with a couple of minor hallucinatory experiences
42
what did observers note during the last night of being awake
randy spent last night in a penny arcade- he won easily suggesting extreeme sleep deprivation is not entirely debilitating
43
when randy went to sleep how long did he sleep for
14 hours and 40 mins and woke up essentially recovered
44
what research suggests that sleep following learning is essential for memory consolidation
when people learning a difficult perceptual task are kept up all night their learning of the task is whiped out. even after two nights of catch up sleep they show little indication of their initial training on the task.
45
what can sleep loss be?
fatal
46
what happens to rats who are forced to stay awake for vast peiods of time?
- trouble regulating body temp
- loose weight despite eating more than normal
- bodily systems break down
- usually die in 21 days
47
what can a few hours of sleep deprivation to to healthy young humans?
cumulative detrimental effect
- reducing mental acuity
- reduce reaction time
- increase irratibility
- increase depression
- increase accident and injury risk
48
what do studies of REM sleep deprivation indicate
- memory problems
- excessive aggression
REM is important psychologically
49
what does REM deprivation cause the next night?
a rebound of more REM sleep the next night
50
what does deprivation of slow-wave sleep, stage 3 and 4 cause?
physical effects
tiredness, fatigue, hypersensitive to muscle and bone pain
51
what three bodily fuctions is sleep necessary for?
- thermoregulation
- matabolism
- immune system
52
define thermoregualtion
biological processes that maintain optimal body heat during different stages of wakefulness
53
what can change in body temp to to the brain
have serious consequences for it
54
define the immune system
biological defense mechanism for combatting potential diseases from both internal and external invaders
55
define metabolism
biological processed that convert stored resources into energy
even with abundant food if animals are metabolically starved they will die
56
define insomnia
difficulty falling/ staying asleep
57
describe insomnia prevelance
15% of adults= severe
another 15% report mild
58
what are causes of insomnia
anxiety associated with stressful life events--> emotional difficulties
59
what can exacerbate insomnia?
worries about insomnia
ironic process of mental control
60
what experiement studied ironic process of mental control
participants who were told to go to sleep more quickly became hypersensitive and had more difficulty sleeping than those who were instructed not to hurry
61
what can the use of sleeping pills be useful for?
brief sleep problems associated with emotional events
62
what are problems with sleeping pills?
- usually some form of benzodiazepine so addictive and people can become dependant
- short term- can effect with normal sleep cycle
- reduce time spent in REM and slow wave sleep
- side effects; grogginess and irritability
- stopping treatment suddenly can produce insomnia that is worse than before
63
define sleep apnea
a disorder in which the person stops breathing for brief periods while asleep
64
who is sleep apnea most common in
middle-aged overweight men
65
what are symptoms of sleep apnea
soring and gasping for air
66
what are therapies for sleep apnea?
weight loss, drugs or surgery
67
define somnambuilism
sleepwalking- the person arises and walks around while asleep
68
who is sleepwalking most common in?
children- peaks at 11 or 12
69
what % of children sleepwalk
up to 25% experience one episode
70
when does sleepwalking occur
early in night
usually in slow wave sleep
71
what are the sleepwalkers eyes normally doing
open in a glossy stare
72
why is sleepwalking probelmatic
sleepwalkers can hurt themselves
73
define narcolepsy
a disorder in which sudden sleep attacks occur in the middle of waking activities
74
what does narcolepsy involve
intrusion of a dreaming state of sleep with REM into waking
75
what is narcolepsy often accompanied by?
unrelenting excessive sleepiness and uncontrollable sleep attacks lasting from 30 seconds to 30 mins
76
what may narcolepsy be linked to
genes as runs in families
77
how is narcolepsy treated
effectively with medication
78
what is sleep paralysis
the experience of waking up unable to move and is sometimes associated with narcolepsy
79
what sleep does sleep paralysis occur in
hypagogic or hypnopompic
80
what symptoms is there to sleep paralysis
pressure on chest
81
what are night terrors?
abrupt awakenings with panic and intense emotional arousal
82
who do night terrors mostly occur in
boys aged 3-7
83
what stage of sleep do night terrors mostly occur in
NREM sleep early in the sleep cycle
84
do night terror have a dream content the sleeper can report?
not usually
85
what are hobbson's 5 major charecteristics of dream consciousness?
1) intense emotion
2) illogical thought
3) fully formed sensation
4) uncritical acceptance
5) difficulty remembering
86
what sensation is predominant during dreams and which is rarely felt?
vision is predominant
may also deeply experience sound, touch and movement
pain is rarely felt
87
what is uncritical acceptance?
as thought the images and events in dreams are normal and not bizzare
88
when do people often remember dreams
only if they awake mid-dream
89
how many nightmares does the average student have per year
24
90
do children or adults have more nightmares
children
91
what events more likely cause nightmares and what evidence supports this?
traumatic events
earthquake in SanFran bay- students who had experienced the nightmare were more inclined to have nightmares reliving the events
police officers who experience ciritical incidents of conflicts and danger tend to have more nightmares in general
92
what do dreams also contain that is not the fantastical?
the mundane topics that reflect prior waking topics 'day residue'
93
what happened to dreamers who had water sprayed on their faces during REM sleep?
more likely to dream of water
94
what doesn't the day residue include?
episodic memory- complete events replayed
95
what do dreams reflect?
the days experience- single out sensory experiences or objects
96
what did rats who did a maze and then had sleep recorded show?
there was the same patterns of activity in their hippocampi during sleep as when completing the maze
97
what did participants who played the tetrus game and then recorded dreams show?
often reported dreaming of tetrus like shapes falling down even though didnt often report dreams where they were playing the game.
even amnesiac patients who didn't remember playing the game reported shapes in sleep
98
what could the content of dreams be likened to?
snapshots of the day
99
what did Freud propose as to why dreams are confusing and obscure?
because the dynamic unconcious creates them precisely to be confusing and obscure.
100
according to freud what do dreams represent?
wishes - some of these are unacceptable, taboo and anxiety producing that the mind can only express in a disguised form
101
what did freud believe most wishes were based on?
sexual
102
what is the manifest content of a dream
a dream's apparent topic/ superficial meaning
103
what is a latent content
a dreams true meaning
104
according to freud what does the manifest content of a dream act as?
a smokescreen for latent content
105
what is the problem with freuds dream theory
involves a lot of guesswork
106
what is evidence that dreams feature the return of some supressed thought?
volunteers asked to think of a personal acquaintance and then spend 5 mins before going to bed writing down whatever came to mind
some asked to supress thoughts of this person as they wrote and others asked to write freely
people reported dreaming about named person more than other people but those told to supress were more likely to dream of the person.
107
what is Hobson and McCarley's activation-synthesis model of dremas
dreams are produced when the mind attempts to make sense of random neural acitivity that occurs in the brain during sleep
108
what is Hobson and McCarley's activation-synthesis model of dremas
dreams are produced when the mind attempts to make sense of random neural acitivity that occurs in the brain during sleep
109
what does REM sleep correspond with
certain alterations of consciousness that occur in dreaming shows some of the patterns of activation and deactivation found in the dreaming brain
110
what is a notable feature of dreams and what does this suggest?
their scariness- many dreams include anxiety producing images
suggests that the brain areas responsible for fear/ emotion sometimes work overtime in dreams
111
how active is the amygdala during sleep and why may this be?
quite active during REM sleep it reponds to stressful events
112
are there smells and tastes in dreams
not often
113
are there auditory/ tactile sensations in dreams
less often than visual
114
are the brain areas involved in visual prerception active during dreaming and what does this suggest?
no- the dream picture doesnt involve actual perception just the imagination of visual events
115
what areas regarding vision are active during sleep?
visual association areas in occipital lobe that are responsible for visual imagery
116
during REM what does the prefrontal cortex show?
relatively less arousal than it usually does during waking consciousness- as these areas are associated with planning and control dreams seem unplanned and rambling
117
what happens to the motor cortex during REM sleep?
it is activated
118
why dont we move during sleep?
spinal neurons running through the brainstem inhibit the expression of this motor activation
119
what happens to cats during sleep when brain stem lesions are made
they move and become active during sleep
120
if people are moving in sleep what are they not doing?
dreaming
