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z1 consciousness > sleep and dreaming > Flashcards

sleep and dreaming Flashcards

1
Q

define altered states of consciousness

A

forms of experience that depart from the normal subjective experience of the world and the mind

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2
Q

what is the hypnagogic state

A

preesleep consciousness

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3
Q

what is a hypnic jerk?

A

quiver/ jerk sense of dropping

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4
Q

what is hypnopompic state

A

postsleep consciousness.

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5
Q

define circadian rhythm

A

a naturally occuring 14-hour cycle

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6
Q

what happens to sleep when people go underground without clocks and why?

A

rest-active rhythm of 25.1 hours

people want to stay up a little later each night and wake up a little later each morning

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7
Q

what waves are high frequency activity?

A

beta- alertedness

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8
Q

which waves are low frequency activity

A

alpha- relaxation

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9
Q

what do EEG recordings show about waking

A

alternation between alpha and beta waves

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10
Q

what waves are present when awake?

A

beta

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11
Q

what waves are present when drowsy?

A

alpha

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12
Q

what waves are present during stage one sleep?

A

theta- frequency patterns even lower than alpha

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13
Q

what occurs in stage 2 sleep?

A

sleep spindles and K complexes–> these are short bursts of activity

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14
Q

when does the sleeper become more difficult to wake?

A

stage 2

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15
Q

what waves are present in stage 3/4 of sleep

A

delta waves

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16
Q

what waves are present in REM sleep?

A

sawtooth waves- high frequency

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17
Q

what do the waves in REM sleep suggest about activity of the mind?

A

it is as active as during waking

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18
Q

define REM

A

a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements and high level of brain activity

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19
Q

what is REM sometimes known as

A

paradoxical sleep

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20
Q

what is an electrooculograph (EOG)

A

a device that measures eye movements

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21
Q

what do sleepers woken during REM sleep report?

A

having dreams more often than those woken in non-REM periods

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22
Q

what physically happens during REM sleep?

A

eyes move
pulse quickens
blood pressure rises
telltale signs of sexual arousal

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23
Q

what do measurements of muscle movement indicate about REM sleep?

A

the sleeper is very still

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24
Q

what % of people woken in REM sleep report dreaming

A

95%

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25
Q

how did Dement et al. find out about time perception during REM sleep

A

woke volunteers wither 5 or 15 mins into REM sleep

volunteers asked to guess how long in they had been woken. high accuracy

suggest that dreaming occurs in real time

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26
Q

do all dreams occur in REM sleep?

A

no but not as many and these dreams are less wild and more like normal thinking

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27
Q

what happens in the first hour of the night in sleep?

A

you fall from waking through the stages to the fourth and deepest stage of sleep (delta waves)

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28
Q

what do slow delta waves indicate about nerual firing

A

slow synchronised neural firing

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29
Q

what happens post the fist hour of sleep

A

you return to the lighter stages eventually reaching REM

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30
Q

is REM deeper or lighter than other stages?

A

lighter

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31
Q

how often does one cycle through REM and other stages of sleep through the night?

A

every 90 mins

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32
Q

what happens to periods of REM as the night goes on?

A

they get longer

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33
Q

what happens to stages 3 and 4 of sleep as the night goes on?

A

they disappear half way through the night

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34
Q

how do newborns sleep

A

often total +16 hours

sleep 6-8 times in 24 hours

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35
Q

what happens between 9 and 18 months?

A

napping cycle consolidates into sleeping through the night

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36
Q

how much sleep does the typical 6 year old need

A

11-12 hours

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37
Q

how much sleep does the average adult need?

A

7-7.5 hours

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38
Q

over a whole life time what is the sleep to awake ratio?

A

2 hours awake to one hour asleep

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39
Q

how long is the longest time awake?

A

11 days

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40
Q

when did the person who stayed awake for 11 days find it difficult to stay awake?

A

during the night

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41
Q

what were symptoms of staying up for 11 days?

A

main one was feeling tires along with a couple of minor hallucinatory experiences

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42
Q

what did observers note during the last night of being awake

A

randy spent last night in a penny arcade- he won easily suggesting extreeme sleep deprivation is not entirely debilitating

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43
Q

when randy went to sleep how long did he sleep for

A

14 hours and 40 mins and woke up essentially recovered

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44
Q

what research suggests that sleep following learning is essential for memory consolidation

A

when people learning a difficult perceptual task are kept up all night their learning of the task is whiped out. even after two nights of catch up sleep they show little indication of their initial training on the task.

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45
Q

what can sleep loss be?

A

fatal

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46
Q

what happens to rats who are forced to stay awake for vast peiods of time?

A
  • trouble regulating body temp
  • loose weight despite eating more than normal
  • bodily systems break down
  • usually die in 21 days
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47
Q

what can a few hours of sleep deprivation to to healthy young humans?

A

cumulative detrimental effect

  • reducing mental acuity
  • reduce reaction time
  • increase irratibility
  • increase depression
  • increase accident and injury risk
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48
Q

what do studies of REM sleep deprivation indicate

A
  • memory problems
  • excessive aggression

REM is important psychologically

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49
Q

what does REM deprivation cause the next night?

A

a rebound of more REM sleep the next night

50
Q

what does deprivation of slow-wave sleep, stage 3 and 4 cause?

A

physical effects

tiredness, fatigue, hypersensitive to muscle and bone pain

51
Q

what three bodily fuctions is sleep necessary for?

A
  • thermoregulation
  • matabolism
  • immune system
52
Q

define thermoregualtion

A

biological processes that maintain optimal body heat during different stages of wakefulness

53
Q

what can change in body temp to to the brain

A

have serious consequences for it

54
Q

define the immune system

A

biological defense mechanism for combatting potential diseases from both internal and external invaders

55
Q

define metabolism

A

biological processed that convert stored resources into energy

even with abundant food if animals are metabolically starved they will die

56
Q

define insomnia

A

difficulty falling/ staying asleep

57
Q

describe insomnia prevelance

A

15% of adults= severe

another 15% report mild

58
Q

what are causes of insomnia

A

anxiety associated with stressful life events–> emotional difficulties

59
Q

what can exacerbate insomnia?

A

worries about insomnia

ironic process of mental control

60
Q

what experiement studied ironic process of mental control

A

participants who were told to go to sleep more quickly became hypersensitive and had more difficulty sleeping than those who were instructed not to hurry

61
Q

what can the use of sleeping pills be useful for?

A

brief sleep problems associated with emotional events

62
Q

what are problems with sleeping pills?

A
  • usually some form of benzodiazepine so addictive and people can become dependant
  • short term- can effect with normal sleep cycle
  • reduce time spent in REM and slow wave sleep
  • side effects; grogginess and irritability
  • stopping treatment suddenly can produce insomnia that is worse than before
63
Q

define sleep apnea

A

a disorder in which the person stops breathing for brief periods while asleep

64
Q

who is sleep apnea most common in

A

middle-aged overweight men

65
Q

what are symptoms of sleep apnea

A

soring and gasping for air

66
Q

what are therapies for sleep apnea?

A

weight loss, drugs or surgery

67
Q

define somnambuilism

A

sleepwalking- the person arises and walks around while asleep

68
Q

who is sleepwalking most common in?

A

children- peaks at 11 or 12

69
Q

what % of children sleepwalk

A

up to 25% experience one episode

70
Q

when does sleepwalking occur

A

early in night

usually in slow wave sleep

71
Q

what are the sleepwalkers eyes normally doing

A

open in a glossy stare

72
Q

why is sleepwalking probelmatic

A

sleepwalkers can hurt themselves

73
Q

define narcolepsy

A

a disorder in which sudden sleep attacks occur in the middle of waking activities

74
Q

what does narcolepsy involve

A

intrusion of a dreaming state of sleep with REM into waking

75
Q

what is narcolepsy often accompanied by?

A

unrelenting excessive sleepiness and uncontrollable sleep attacks lasting from 30 seconds to 30 mins

76
Q

what may narcolepsy be linked to

A

genes as runs in families

77
Q

how is narcolepsy treated

A

effectively with medication

78
Q

what is sleep paralysis

A

the experience of waking up unable to move and is sometimes associated with narcolepsy

79
Q

what sleep does sleep paralysis occur in

A

hypagogic or hypnopompic

80
Q

what symptoms is there to sleep paralysis

A

pressure on chest

81
Q

what are night terrors?

A

abrupt awakenings with panic and intense emotional arousal

82
Q

who do night terrors mostly occur in

A

boys aged 3-7

83
Q

what stage of sleep do night terrors mostly occur in

A

NREM sleep early in the sleep cycle

84
Q

do night terror have a dream content the sleeper can report?

A

not usually

85
Q

what are hobbson’s 5 major charecteristics of dream consciousness?

A

1) intense emotion
2) illogical thought
3) fully formed sensation
4) uncritical acceptance
5) difficulty remembering

86
Q

what sensation is predominant during dreams and which is rarely felt?

A

vision is predominant

may also deeply experience sound, touch and movement

pain is rarely felt

87
Q

what is uncritical acceptance?

A

as thought the images and events in dreams are normal and not bizzare

88
Q

when do people often remember dreams

A

only if they awake mid-dream

89
Q

how many nightmares does the average student have per year

A

24

90
Q

do children or adults have more nightmares

A

children

91
Q

what events more likely cause nightmares and what evidence supports this?

A

traumatic events

earthquake in SanFran bay- students who had experienced the nightmare were more inclined to have nightmares reliving the events

police officers who experience ciritical incidents of conflicts and danger tend to have more nightmares in general

92
Q

what do dreams also contain that is not the fantastical?

A

the mundane topics that reflect prior waking topics ‘day residue’

93
Q

what happened to dreamers who had water sprayed on their faces during REM sleep?

A

more likely to dream of water

94
Q

what doesn’t the day residue include?

A

episodic memory- complete events replayed

95
Q

what do dreams reflect?

A

the days experience- single out sensory experiences or objects

96
Q

what did rats who did a maze and then had sleep recorded show?

A

there was the same patterns of activity in their hippocampi during sleep as when completing the maze

97
Q

what did participants who played the tetrus game and then recorded dreams show?

A

often reported dreaming of tetrus like shapes falling down even though didnt often report dreams where they were playing the game.

even amnesiac patients who didn’t remember playing the game reported shapes in sleep

98
Q

what could the content of dreams be likened to?

A

snapshots of the day

99
Q

what did Freud propose as to why dreams are confusing and obscure?

A

because the dynamic unconcious creates them precisely to be confusing and obscure.

100
Q

according to freud what do dreams represent?

A

wishes - some of these are unacceptable, taboo and anxiety producing that the mind can only express in a disguised form

101
Q

what did freud believe most wishes were based on?

A

sexual

102
Q

what is the manifest content of a dream

A

a dream’s apparent topic/ superficial meaning

103
Q

what is a latent content

A

a dreams true meaning

104
Q

according to freud what does the manifest content of a dream act as?

A

a smokescreen for latent content

105
Q

what is the problem with freuds dream theory

A

involves a lot of guesswork

106
Q

what is evidence that dreams feature the return of some supressed thought?

A

volunteers asked to think of a personal acquaintance and then spend 5 mins before going to bed writing down whatever came to mind

some asked to supress thoughts of this person as they wrote and others asked to write freely

people reported dreaming about named person more than other people but those told to supress were more likely to dream of the person.

107
Q

what is Hobson and McCarley’s activation-synthesis model of dremas

A

dreams are produced when the mind attempts to make sense of random neural acitivity that occurs in the brain during sleep

108
Q

what is Hobson and McCarley’s activation-synthesis model of dremas

A

dreams are produced when the mind attempts to make sense of random neural acitivity that occurs in the brain during sleep

109
Q

what does REM sleep correspond with

A

certain alterations of consciousness that occur in dreaming shows some of the patterns of activation and deactivation found in the dreaming brain

110
Q

what is a notable feature of dreams and what does this suggest?

A

their scariness- many dreams include anxiety producing images

suggests that the brain areas responsible for fear/ emotion sometimes work overtime in dreams

111
Q

how active is the amygdala during sleep and why may this be?

A

quite active during REM sleep it reponds to stressful events

112
Q

are there smells and tastes in dreams

A

not often

113
Q

are there auditory/ tactile sensations in dreams

A

less often than visual

114
Q

are the brain areas involved in visual prerception active during dreaming and what does this suggest?

A

no- the dream picture doesnt involve actual perception just the imagination of visual events

115
Q

what areas regarding vision are active during sleep?

A

visual association areas in occipital lobe that are responsible for visual imagery

116
Q

during REM what does the prefrontal cortex show?

A

relatively less arousal than it usually does during waking consciousness- as these areas are associated with planning and control dreams seem unplanned and rambling

117
Q

what happens to the motor cortex during REM sleep?

A

it is activated

118
Q

why dont we move during sleep?

A

spinal neurons running through the brainstem inhibit the expression of this motor activation

119
Q

what happens to cats during sleep when brain stem lesions are made

A

they move and become active during sleep

120
Q

if people are moving in sleep what are they not doing?

A

dreaming

z1 consciousness (6 decks)

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