motivation Flashcards
what is the hedonic principle?
-all people are motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain
We’re trying to keep the needle on our “emotional gauge” to “good”
what are theoretical approaches to motivation
-instinct
what is instinct?
a complex behaviour that is automatic and unlearned, and occurs in all members of a species, such as maternal behaviour.
what is the issue with instincts an an explaination
there would be too many
what do behaviourists believe about motivation
behaviours are evoked by EXTERNAL stimuli, not hypothetical internal states
behaviours are LEARNED not INHERITED
what is drive theory?
Drive theory: The body maintains homeostasis—equilibrium—in its systems.
Departure from homeostasis produces an aroused condition, or drive, impelling the individual to engage in appropriate action.
define homeostasis
the tendency for a system to take action to keep itself in a particular state
define drive
an internal state driven by departures from physiological optimality
list maslows heirarchy of needs
top of triangle
1) self actualization
2) esteem
3) love/ belonging
4) saftey
5) physiological
what is self actualization?
a person’s motivation to reach their full potential
what does maslow’s heirarchy of needs suggest about self actualization
those needs below it must be met for it to be achieved
what lesion made rats skinny?
lesions of the lateral hypothalamus
what lesion made rats overweight?
lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus
what is lateral hypothalamic syndrome?
rats get too thin
what is ventromedial hypothalamic syndrome?
rats get too fat
what is grehlin?
a peptide produced by the stomach as it empties
This is an orexigenic signal — it makes us feel hungry
what does grehlin signal?
the lateral hypothalamus
which initiates eating
chewing, swallowing, salivation, insulin production
how does locomotion in regard to eating occur and why?
cortical arousal from lateral hypothalamus
movement to find food
what experiment showed the effects of ghrelin?
rats eat 4x as much compared to when injected with saline
what does leptin cause?
when injected into the ventromedial hypothalamus it produces satisfaction
what is the most common eating disorder?
obesity
what BMI defines obese
30+
why is BMI not a perfect measure?
for example, it doesn’t differentiate between muscle, bone and fat.
which are top 3 nations for obeisity?
USA Mexico UK
if we consider all people overweight what countries are highest
US, NZ, AUZ, UK, Canada, Ireland
what BMI is morbidly obese?
40+
what BMI is overweight?
25-29
what does obesity cause?
- pulmonary disease
- nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
- gall bladder disease
- gynecologic abnormalities
- arthiritis
- skin
- gout
- phlebitis
- cancer
- severe pancreatitis
- coronary heart disease
- cataracts
- stroke
- idiopathic intracranial hypertension
what does obesity also cause regarding cell loss
temporal lobe cell loss–> + dementia risk
is obesity heredity?
yes identical twins= 70%
identical twins apart= 60%
fraternal= 30%
what is Basal metabolic rate BMR?
the energy required to fuel the brain and body and maintain temperature;
accounts for 75% of energy expenditure in the average sedentary person.
what effect can BMR have on weight and what supports this?
lower BMR= harder to loose weight
In a study of women on a restricted diet, the 1/3 who failed to lose weight had lower BMRs.
what % heredity accounts for a person’s BMR?
40%
who does leptin treatment work for in terms of weightloss?
leptin defficient individuals
how is ghrelin production reduced?
decreased stomach stimulation
what does Gastric Bypass surgery do?
- decrease ghrelin production
- increase of other peptides that increase satiety
stomach pouch made and small intestine attached to this- large part of stomach is cut off
what % have weight loss one year after gastric bypass surgery ?
32%
what % maintain weightloss 10 yrs after gastric bypass surgery?
25%
what is gastric bypass surgery more effective than?
diet and exercise
what are issues with gastric bypass surgery?
expensive and 1% death rate
what is the DSM IV criteria for Anorexia
A. A refusal to maintain body weight at or above a minimally normal weight for age and height
B. Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, even though underweight.
C. Disturbance in the way in which one’s body weight or shape is experienced, undue influence of body weight or shape on self-evaluation, or denial of the seriousness of the current low body weight.
are anorexics able to control eating?
yes
what is the DSM IV criteria for Bulimia
(1) eating, in a discrete period of time (e.g. within any 2 hour period), an amount of food that is definitely larger than most people would eat during a similar period of time and under similar circumstances
(2) a sense of lack of control over eating during the episode (e.g. a feeling that one cannot stop eating or control what or how much one is eating)
B. Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviour in order to prevent weight gain, such as self-induced vomiting; misuse of laxatives, diuretics, enemas or other medications; fasting; or excessive exercise.
C. The binge eating and inappropriate compensatory behaviours both occur, on average, at least twice a week for 3 months.
D. Self-evaluation is unduly influenced by body shape and weight.
E. The disturbance does not occur exclusively during episodes of Anorexia Nervosa.
are bulimics able to control eating?
no
discuss peptin levels in those with anorexia?
ghrelin levels are high and leptin levels are low
suggest thats their bodies are desperately trying to switch hunger on
discuss peptin levels in those with bulemia?
ghrelin levels are higher than controls both between meals and following a meal (remember ghrelin should drop after eating).
May reflect impaired supression of drive to eat
what should happen to ghrelin levels post eating?
they should drop
do we need sex to survive?
no but do need it to genetically survive
what is Dehydroepiandrosterone
the hormone that drives us to have sex
when does Dehydroepiandrosterone prodiction begin?
age six
when do boys and girls experience their first sexual interest?
age 10
what happens if testosterone is applied to the hypothalamus in rats?
sexual interest increases
what happens if oestrogen is applied to the hypothalamus in rats?
sexual interest increases
when is a woman most likely to initiate sex?
during ovulatory phase
when is a woman least likely to initiate sex?
midluteal
premenstrual= slightly more likely to again
when are men and women equally likely to initiate sex?
follicular
how often do men initiate sex and what happens to this over a woman’s menstrual cycle?
35% of time remains about the same
is there more or less variation in humans with women initiating sex as in other animals
not as much variation
why don’t humans advertise ovulation?
want mate to continuously guard and help raise offspring
what hormone drives human sexual interest?
testosterone
what are men more likely to do regardig sex?
think about it, masturbate, seek sex, look for variety, etc…
what happens when women are given testosterone
increase in sex drive
what happens in the excitement phase of sex (early arousal)
muscle tension and blood flow increase around the sexual organs
heart rate and blood pressure increase
sex flush
erection and lubrication
which gender has a plateau phase of arousal during sex
males
what happens in the plateau phase of sex
heart rate and blood pressure continue to increase men’s bladders close lubricating fluid is produced by the cowper’s gland
(vaginal diameter decreases- small plateau for women)
what happens to a woman during orgasm?
pelvic muscles and anus
contract
women also experience uterine and
vaginal contractions
what happens to men during orgasm?
ejaculation
what % of women report experiencing orgasm in last sexual encounter?
69%
what % of men orgasm at end of sex?
95%
what % of women never orgasm?
15%
what % of women have faked it at least once?
50%
what is resolution after sex?
body returning to resting state
what is the refractory period post sex?
— further stimulation does
not produce excitement
what is women’s primary reason for having sex
‘i was attracted to the person’
what is mens primary reason for having sex
i was attracted to the person
what is extrinsic motivation?
motivation to take actions that are not in and of themselves rewarding — brushing teeth
what is intrinsic motivation?
motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding —eating candy
what is extrinsic motivation important for?
one of humans’ greatest talents
delayed gratification
the ability to delay gratification predicts academic success better than IQ
what motivation makes people work harder?
intrinsic- they like their lives more
what can undermine intrinsic motivation?
extrinsic rewards
-prizes/ payememts makes people less likely to engage in what they enjoy
what can create intrinsic motivation?
punishment
if im not allowed to do it it must be fun
what is a rela life example of punishment creating intrinsic motivation?
parents given financial penalties for being late to pick up children from childcare were MORE LIKELY to be late
what is conscious motivation?
why you think you’re doing something
“I wanted to cure diabetes”
what is unconcious motication?
why you’re actually doing it
“I wanted to please my father”
includes the need for achievement
whose psychology does unconscious motivation rely on
Freud
what is approach motivation?
motivation to experience a positive outcome
what is avoidance motivation?
motivation to avoid a negative outcome
which motivation is stronger avoidance or approach?
avoidance
given an equal chance to win $10 or lose $8 (coin toss), most people will choose not to play even though repeated play will make one come out
how you frame the possibilities matters!
