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z1 Consciousness > motivation > Flashcards

motivation Flashcards

1
Q

what is the hedonic principle?

A

-all people are motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain

We’re trying to keep the needle on our “emotional gauge” to “good”

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2
Q

what are theoretical approaches to motivation

A

-instinct

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3
Q

what is instinct?

A

a complex behaviour that is automatic and unlearned, and occurs in all members of a species, such as maternal behaviour.

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4
Q

what is the issue with instincts an an explaination

A

there would be too many

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5
Q

what do behaviourists believe about motivation

A

behaviours are evoked by EXTERNAL stimuli, not hypothetical internal states
behaviours are LEARNED not INHERITED

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6
Q

what is drive theory?

A

Drive theory: The body maintains homeostasis—equilibrium—in its systems.
Departure from homeostasis produces an aroused condition, or drive, impelling the individual to engage in appropriate action.

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7
Q

define homeostasis

A

the tendency for a system to take action to keep itself in a particular state

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8
Q

define drive

A

an internal state driven by departures from physiological optimality

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9
Q

list maslows heirarchy of needs

A

top of triangle

1) self actualization
2) esteem
3) love/ belonging
4) saftey
5) physiological

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10
Q

what is self actualization?

A

a person’s motivation to reach their full potential

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11
Q

what does maslow’s heirarchy of needs suggest about self actualization

A

those needs below it must be met for it to be achieved

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12
Q

what lesion made rats skinny?

A

lesions of the lateral hypothalamus

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13
Q

what lesion made rats overweight?

A

lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus

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14
Q

what is lateral hypothalamic syndrome?

A

rats get too thin

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15
Q

what is ventromedial hypothalamic syndrome?

A

rats get too fat

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16
Q

what is grehlin?

A

a peptide produced by the stomach as it empties

This is an orexigenic signal — it makes us feel hungry

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17
Q

what does grehlin signal?

A

the lateral hypothalamus

which initiates eating

chewing, swallowing, salivation, insulin production

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18
Q

how does locomotion in regard to eating occur and why?

A

cortical arousal from lateral hypothalamus

movement to find food

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19
Q

what experiment showed the effects of ghrelin?

A

rats eat 4x as much compared to when injected with saline

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20
Q

what does leptin cause?

A

when injected into the ventromedial hypothalamus it produces satisfaction

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21
Q

what is the most common eating disorder?

A

obesity

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22
Q

what BMI defines obese

A

30+

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23
Q

why is BMI not a perfect measure?

A

for example, it doesn’t differentiate between muscle, bone and fat.

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24
Q

which are top 3 nations for obeisity?

A

USA Mexico UK

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25
Q

if we consider all people overweight what countries are highest

A

US, NZ, AUZ, UK, Canada, Ireland

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26
Q

what BMI is morbidly obese?

A

40+

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27
Q

what BMI is overweight?

A

25-29

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28
Q

what does obesity cause?

A
  • pulmonary disease
  • nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
  • gall bladder disease
  • gynecologic abnormalities
  • arthiritis
  • skin
  • gout
  • phlebitis
  • cancer
  • severe pancreatitis
  • coronary heart disease
  • cataracts
  • stroke
  • idiopathic intracranial hypertension
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29
Q

what does obesity also cause regarding cell loss

A

temporal lobe cell loss–> + dementia risk

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30
Q

is obesity heredity?

A

yes identical twins= 70%

identical twins apart= 60%

fraternal= 30%

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31
Q

what is Basal metabolic rate BMR?

A

the energy required to fuel the brain and body and maintain temperature;
accounts for 75% of energy expenditure in the average sedentary person.

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32
Q

what effect can BMR have on weight and what supports this?

A

lower BMR= harder to loose weight

In a study of women on a restricted diet, the 1/3 who failed to lose weight had lower BMRs.

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33
Q

what % heredity accounts for a person’s BMR?

A

40%

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34
Q

who does leptin treatment work for in terms of weightloss?

A

leptin defficient individuals

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35
Q

how is ghrelin production reduced?

A

decreased stomach stimulation

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36
Q

what does Gastric Bypass surgery do?

A
  • decrease ghrelin production
  • increase of other peptides that increase satiety

stomach pouch made and small intestine attached to this- large part of stomach is cut off

37
Q

what % have weight loss one year after gastric bypass surgery ?

A

32%

38
Q

what % maintain weightloss 10 yrs after gastric bypass surgery?

A

25%

39
Q

what is gastric bypass surgery more effective than?

A

diet and exercise

40
Q

what are issues with gastric bypass surgery?

A

expensive and 1% death rate

41
Q

what is the DSM IV criteria for Anorexia

A

A. A refusal to maintain body weight at or above a minimally normal weight for age and height
B. Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, even though underweight.
C. Disturbance in the way in which one’s body weight or shape is experienced, undue influence of body weight or shape on self-evaluation, or denial of the seriousness of the current low body weight.

42
Q

are anorexics able to control eating?

A

yes

43
Q

what is the DSM IV criteria for Bulimia

A

(1) eating, in a discrete period of time (e.g. within any 2 hour period), an amount of food that is definitely larger than most people would eat during a similar period of time and under similar circumstances
(2) a sense of lack of control over eating during the episode (e.g. a feeling that one cannot stop eating or control what or how much one is eating)
B. Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviour in order to prevent weight gain, such as self-induced vomiting; misuse of laxatives, diuretics, enemas or other medications; fasting; or excessive exercise.

C. The binge eating and inappropriate compensatory behaviours both occur, on average, at least twice a week for 3 months.
D. Self-evaluation is unduly influenced by body shape and weight.
E. The disturbance does not occur exclusively during episodes of Anorexia Nervosa.

44
Q

are bulimics able to control eating?

A

no

45
Q

discuss peptin levels in those with anorexia?

A

ghrelin levels are high and leptin levels are low

suggest thats their bodies are desperately trying to switch hunger on

46
Q

discuss peptin levels in those with bulemia?

A

ghrelin levels are higher than controls both between meals and following a meal (remember ghrelin should drop after eating).

May reflect impaired supression of drive to eat

47
Q

what should happen to ghrelin levels post eating?

A

they should drop

48
Q

do we need sex to survive?

A

no but do need it to genetically survive

49
Q

what is Dehydroepiandrosterone

A

the hormone that drives us to have sex

50
Q

when does Dehydroepiandrosterone prodiction begin?

A

age six

51
Q

when do boys and girls experience their first sexual interest?

A

age 10

52
Q

what happens if testosterone is applied to the hypothalamus in rats?

A

sexual interest increases

53
Q

what happens if oestrogen is applied to the hypothalamus in rats?

A

sexual interest increases

54
Q

when is a woman most likely to initiate sex?

A

during ovulatory phase

55
Q

when is a woman least likely to initiate sex?

A

midluteal

premenstrual= slightly more likely to again

56
Q

when are men and women equally likely to initiate sex?

A

follicular

57
Q

how often do men initiate sex and what happens to this over a woman’s menstrual cycle?

A

35% of time remains about the same

58
Q

is there more or less variation in humans with women initiating sex as in other animals

A

not as much variation

59
Q

why don’t humans advertise ovulation?

A

want mate to continuously guard and help raise offspring

60
Q

what hormone drives human sexual interest?

A

testosterone

61
Q

what are men more likely to do regardig sex?

A

think about it, masturbate, seek sex, look for variety, etc…

62
Q

what happens when women are given testosterone

A

increase in sex drive

63
Q

what happens in the excitement phase of sex (early arousal)

A

muscle tension and blood flow increase around the sexual organs
heart rate and blood pressure increase
sex flush
erection and lubrication

64
Q

which gender has a plateau phase of arousal during sex

A

males

65
Q

what happens in the plateau phase of sex

A 
heart rate and blood
 pressure continue to increase
men’s bladders close
lubricating fluid is produced by the 
cowper’s gland

(vaginal diameter decreases- small plateau for women)

66
Q

what happens to a woman during orgasm?

A

pelvic muscles and anus
contract
women also experience uterine and
vaginal contractions

67
Q

what happens to men during orgasm?

A

ejaculation

68
Q

what % of women report experiencing orgasm in last sexual encounter?

A

69%

69
Q

what % of men orgasm at end of sex?

A

95%

70
Q

what % of women never orgasm?

A

15%

71
Q

what % of women have faked it at least once?

A

50%

72
Q

what is resolution after sex?

A

body returning to resting state

73
Q

what is the refractory period post sex?

A

— further stimulation does

not produce excitement

74
Q

what is women’s primary reason for having sex

A

‘i was attracted to the person’

75
Q

what is mens primary reason for having sex

A

i was attracted to the person

76
Q

what is extrinsic motivation?

A

motivation to take actions that are not in and of themselves rewarding — brushing teeth

77
Q

what is intrinsic motivation?

A

motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding —eating candy

78
Q

what is extrinsic motivation important for?

A

one of humans’ greatest talents
delayed gratification
the ability to delay gratification predicts academic success better than IQ

79
Q

what motivation makes people work harder?

A

intrinsic- they like their lives more

80
Q

what can undermine intrinsic motivation?

A

extrinsic rewards

-prizes/ payememts makes people less likely to engage in what they enjoy

81
Q

what can create intrinsic motivation?

A

punishment

if im not allowed to do it it must be fun

82
Q

what is a rela life example of punishment creating intrinsic motivation?

A

parents given financial penalties for being late to pick up children from childcare were MORE LIKELY to be late

83
Q

what is conscious motivation?

A

why you think you’re doing something

“I wanted to cure diabetes”

84
Q

what is unconcious motication?

A

why you’re actually doing it
“I wanted to please my father”

includes the need for achievement

85
Q

whose psychology does unconscious motivation rely on

A

Freud

86
Q

what is approach motivation?

A

motivation to experience a positive outcome

87
Q

what is avoidance motivation?

A

motivation to avoid a negative outcome

88
Q

which motivation is stronger avoidance or approach?

A

avoidance

given an equal chance to win $10 or lose $8 (coin toss), most people will choose not to play even though repeated play will make one come out
how you frame the possibilities matters!

z1 Consciousness (6 decks)

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