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Sleep and circadian rhythms Flashcards

1
Q

What is the study of sleep called?

A

Polysomnography

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2
Q

Name the three types of scans that are used in the study of sleep

A

EEG, EOG, EMG

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3
Q

Name the two types of brain activity waves during wakefulness, and name when they occur

A

Beta, during brain activity, and alpha, when the person is resting

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4
Q

What brain wave activity characterises stage 1 sleep?

A

Theta waves

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5
Q

What two features is stage 2 sleep characterised by?

A

Sleep spindles (rapid but short bursts of activity) and k complexes (high amplitude but slow)

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6
Q

Stage 3 sleep involves what brain waves?

A

Delta

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7
Q

What is another term for stage 3 sleep?

A

Deep sleep/slow wave sleep

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8
Q

What brain activity waves occur in REM sleep?

A

Beta and theta

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9
Q

How long does it take to cycle between all four stages and back?

A

90 mins

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10
Q

What was discovered by Dement and Kleitman in 1957?

A

Dreams

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11
Q

What % of dreams are 1. sad, angry or anxious, 2. happy, 3. of a sexual nature?

A
  1. 64%
  2. 18%
  3. 1%
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12
Q

What is Allan Hobsonsnactivation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming?

A

The brainstem is activated during REM sleep and sends a signal to the cortex which creates images with actions and emotions from memory
There is no logic in dreaming however, when awake, the person tries to organise the content into a logical story
There is no meaning of dreams, however they are based on the persons experience

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13
Q

What is another name for Valli and Revonsuos coping hypothesis of dreaming?

A

The clinico-anatomical hypothesis

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14
Q

What does the clinico anatomical hypothesis/coping hypothesis of sleep suggest?

A

We dream about things we find threatening in our lives and dreams are biologically adaptive, tending to lead to enhanced coping strategies

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15
Q

What evidence supports the co-ping hypothesis of dreaming?

A

Problem solving occurs during sleep

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16
Q

What is the role of adenosine?

A

Accumalates during the day and promotes sleep, signals that there is very little energy and that we have used a lot of our energy already

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17
Q

Patients who had continuous sleep and would only wake up to eat and drink had damage to what brain area?

A

The base of the brain

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18
Q

Damage to what brain area is involved in insomnia patients?

A

Ventro-lateral preoptic area

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19
Q

What brain area is involved in wakefulness and who discovered the region?

A

The brain stem and Moruzzi and Mogoun, 1949

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20
Q

What is the name of the system operating during wakefulness?

A

Reticular activating system

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21
Q

What is the RAS

A

Composed of several nuclei that project to the forebrain and promote arousal

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22
Q

What are the different nuclei in the RAS

A
  1. Locus coeruleus
  2. Raphe nucleus
  3. Tuberomammillary nucleus
    Nucleus basalis of Maynert
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23
Q

What did Ciff Saper term the battle between sleep and arousal?

A

The flip-flop switch

24
Q

What peptide helps to maintain wakefulness?

A

Orexin/hypocretin

25
Endogenous cycles are generated based on what?
The earths rotation
26
What did Aschoff 1965 discover?
Humans placed in underground bunkers with no external cues showed daily sleep-activity rhythms, even though they drifted slightly above 24 hours
27
What are external cues called?
Zeitgebers
28
When a zeitgeber sets an internal rhythm it is said to be what?
Entrained
29
Travelling west does what to our circadian rhythm?
Phase-delays
30
What is the variability in our circadian rhythms called
Chronotypes
31
Where is the primary biological clock located?
SCN
32
What was discovered about neuronal activity in the the SCN during the light period?
More active
33
What happens following SCN transplantation?
The recipient follows the donors rhythm
34
How does light reach the SCN?
The retinohypothalamic tract
35
What is the special population of ganglion cells called that respond to light in the RHT?
Photo sensitive retinal ganglion cells
36
What is the special pigment found in PRGCs?
Melanopsin
37
What initiates the transcription of the PER and TIM genes?
The clock and the activators
38
In drosophila, what two genes are activated that produce proteins? and what proteins do they produce?
Per gene and tim gene, producing PER and TIM
39
What does it mean to form dimers?
The two proteins pair up
40
What do the dimers do once they are paired?
They translocate to the nucleus and inhibit the transcription of more of themselves
41
In mammals what are the names of the genes and the proteins they create?
CLOCK and BMAL1 gene, creating per 1,2,3 of cryptocome 1,2 which produced cry
42
High amounts of inhibition = high amounts of proteins in the nucleus = what?
Sleepiness
43
What other glands does the SCN control during wake and sleep?
The pituitary gland ~(light phase) and the pineal gland (dark phase)
44
How does melatonin affect breeding?
More melatonin produced in winter shrinks the gonads
45
How does the circadian rhythm affect treatment of disease?
1. Drug toxicity varies from 20-80% depending on time of day 2. Risk for illness also changes, with a higher likelihood of stroke and heart attacks in the morning due to a surge in cortisol
46
Name the four reasons why we sleep?
1. Adaptive 2. Restorative 3. Promotes development 4. Facilitates cognition
47
What is removed from the body during sleep that promotes restoration?
Free radicals and toxic waste
48
When is growth hormone at its peak?
During REM sleep
49
LC = ? RN = ? TMN = ? NBM = ?
1.Norepinephrine/noradrenaline 2. 5-HT 3. Histamine 4. Acetylcholine
50
What is secondary insomnia?
Inability to sleep due to another mental or physical condition
51
Give an example of a pharmacological hypnotic
GABA-a agonists, BZDs and antihistamines
52
Name three sleep disorders that is not insomnia
1. Narcolepsy 2. Sleep apnea 3. REM sleep disorder behaviour
53
Name the three main symptoms of narcolepsy
Sleep attacks, cataplexy, sleep paralysis
54
What occurs in REM sleep disorder?
The behaviour of people corresponds with the contents of their dreams
55
What problems can low-wave sleep cause?
Bed-wetting, sleepwalking and night terrors

Brain and Behaviour (10 decks)

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