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Brain and Behaviour > Neurodevelopment > Flashcards

Neurodevelopment Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell birth is also known as what?

A

Cell proliferation

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2
Q

What two processes occur during cell proliferation?

(genesis)

A

Neurogenesis and gliogensis

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3
Q

Why does neurogenesis not result from neuronal division?

A

Neurons don’t divide

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4
Q

Stem cells, or immature cells, divide to form what type of cells?

A

Progenitor/precursor cells

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5
Q

What two types of cells can progenitor cells become?

A

Neuroblast or glioblast

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6
Q

Santiago Ramon & Cajal found that cells undergoing mitosis were always closer to the inner surface of the neural tube known as what?

A

Ventricular zone

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7
Q

What part of the brain does the neural tube give rise?

A

The ventricular system

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8
Q

What process refers to the movement of cells towards the outer layers of the cortex?

A

Cell migration

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9
Q

Rakic’s (2009) primitive map of the cortex suggest what about the predisposition of cells?

A

Cells born in certain regions are predisposed to migrate to certain cortical locations

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10
Q

Cell migration occurs with the help of what 2 things?

A

Chemical signals and physical support

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11
Q

Physical support during cell migration is provided by what type of cell?

A

Radial glial cells

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12
Q

How do radial glial cells support cell migration?

A

They elongate, allowing cells to climb along them

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13
Q

Name the two ways that cells move across radial glial cells

A

They either climb up the glial poles, or they move horizontally

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14
Q

At what age does cell migration typically stop

A

Around 3 months post natal

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15
Q

What do dendritic spines allow for?

A

Greater reach for the cell

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16
Q

During differentiation, a process called induction refers to what process?

A

The cell-cell interactions via the secretion of chemicals, where cells can influence neighbouring cells

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17
Q

Dendritic arborization is also known as what?

A

Branching

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18
Q

Synaptogenesis is the process of what?

A

The formation of synapses

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19
Q

Synaptogenesis is guided by the growing end of an axon which is called what?

A

Growth cone

20
Q

Growth cones develop thin extensions called?

A

filopodia

21
Q

What is the connection between growth cones and target sites?

A

They are attracted to the chemicals released from the target sites

22
Q

Filopedia can make contact with other cells in two ways. Name these

A

contact guidance and chemotropism

23
Q

Filopedia can be guided by CAMs and what else?

A

Tropic molecules

24
Q

Once contact has been made between two cells, they induce each other to construct machinery to help them attach to one another. What are these machinery?

A

Neurexins and neuroligins

25
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Cell death

26
Q

The process of cell death is evolutionary and known as what?

A

Neural Darwinism

27
Q

In order to survive apoptosis a neuron will need to receive what from its target cells

A

Neurotrophins

28
Q

Name one protein in the neurotrophic group

A

Nerve growth factor

29
Q

To survive, a neuron will also need to actively what, with other neurons?

A

Communicate

30
Q

What cells aid myelination?

A

Glial cells

31
Q

What is the role of Myelin?

A

Speeds up transmission

32
Q

In the PNS what cells aid myelination?

A

Shwann cells

33
Q

In the CNS what cells aid myelination?

A

Oligodendrocytes

34
Q

Nottebohm in the 70s and 80s discovered what about the brains of songbirds?

A

They found new cells and neurons in the brains of these birds

35
Q

According to the primative map, cells that are produced in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles migrate where?

A

The olfactory bulb

36
Q

Name one area of the brain that continuously divides to produce new neurons

A

Olfactory epithelium

37
Q

What is the rostral migratory stream (RMS)?

A

The long term migration pathway towards the olfactory bulb

38
Q

In the RMS, what substance wraps around the migrating neurons to create a pipeline that keeps them on the right path?

A

Astrocytes

39
Q

Where in the brain would the dendrate gyrus be found?

A

Hippocampus

40
Q

What is collateral sprouting?

A

The process following injury, where axons and dendrites of undamaged neurons, attach to the vacant spots

41
Q

Give an example of a brain adaptation

A

Blind people have increased tactile sensitivity

42
Q

What was found by Burton et al (2002) in relation to blind people?

A

When reading braille, brain scans showed activity in the occipital lobe

43
Q

Rats raised in enriched environments develop a thicker what, and have increased what?

A

cortex and dendritic branching

44
Q

Blakemore & Cooper 1970 showed what?

A

cats raised in tubes showing one line orientation did not develop the ability to see other orientations

45
Q

Give 2 examples in the prenatal environment that can affect brain development

A

Any of: activation of the mothers immune system, mothers malnutrition, substance abuse, complications during pregnancy

Brain and Behaviour (10 decks)

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