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Brain and Behaviour > Learning and memory > Flashcards

Learning and memory Flashcards

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The Brain flashcards
1
Q

What types of memories are declarative?

A

Episodic and semantic

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2
Q

What was Donald Hebbs major discovery?

A

“Cells that wire together, fire together”

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3
Q

What mechanism underlies synaptic strengthening?

A

LTP

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4
Q

Who first discovered LTP

A

Bliss and Lomo, 1973

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5
Q

What did Bliss and Lomo observe?

A

After stimulating the neuron with a high frequency, the single stimulations that followed were causing bigger EPSPs than they were before the neuron was depolorised

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6
Q

What does tetanic stimulation mean?

A

Repeated stimulation

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7
Q

What animal experiment is used to test spatial memory?

A

Morris water maze task

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8
Q

At resting potential, if glutamate binds to an AMPA or a NMDA receptor what happens?

A

AMPA = EPSP due to sodium influx
NMDA = nothing due to Mg block

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9
Q

Following depolorisation/HFS, what happens to the NMDA receptor?

A

Mg block is removed and sodium and calcium are fluxed

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10
Q

What is AP5?

A

NMDA antagonist

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11
Q

What happens to rats performance on the morris water maze task , following administration of AP5?

A

They spend the same amount of time in all the quadrants

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12
Q

What happens to the cells response in rats who were injected with AP5 following a HFS?

A

They return to baseline instead of showing the higher EPSPs

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13
Q

What protein does calcium activate in the post-synaptic terminal?

A

CaMKII

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14
Q

What effect does CaMKII have on the AMPA receptors?

A
  1. It phosphorylates the existing ones, increasing their effectiveness
  2. Stimulates the insertion of new AMPA receptors into the membrane
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15
Q

What does it mean to be autocatalytic?

A

The first protein it phsophorylates is itself

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16
Q

Why can CaMKII be thought of as a molecular switch?

A

Because when calcium enters it, it opens up

17
Q

Calcium activates nitric oxide synthase which converts to what?

A

Nitric oxide

18
Q

Nitric oxide diffuses across the synapse and activates a second messanger system, guanylyl cyclase, whcih does what?

A

Produces cGMP

19
Q

What does cGMP do?

A

Leads to an increased glutamate release from the terminal boutons

20
Q

What tyoe of CREB promotes transcription?

A

CREB-1

21
Q

The long term effects of LTP require what?

A

Protein synthesis

22
Q

CREB-1 works more effectively when it has been phosphorylated, it is phosphorylated by kinases such as?

A

PKA and CaMKII

23
Q

What occurs as a result of the CREB gene activation?

A

They make, strengthen and increase the synapses of AMPA receptors

24
Q

How does long term depression occur following LFS?

A

AMPA receptors are dephosphorylated and removed from the membrane and low level rises in calcium activate phosphatase, which removes phosphates

25
Q

Chen (1996) performed LTP and LTD on what area of the brain that was removed during the course of surgery?

A

The inferotemporal cortex

26
Q

Tang et al, 1999 made transgenic mice expressing the NB2B receptor and they showed what?

A

LTP in the mice had a higher response and higher EPSP

27
Q

How did this affect memory?

(after the gene had been inserted)

A

The rate of acquisition was not remakably different, however the T mice spent more time in the target quadrant than the controls

28
Q

What factors can affect LTP?

A
  1. Enriched environment
  2. Age
29
Q

Who found the reversal of ageing effects by enrichment?

A

Winocur, 1998

30
Q

In the conditioned fear response, what acts as the HFS?

A

The actual fear stimulus

31
Q

Because they are firing at the same time, the depolorisation effects from neuron A spread to neuron B. What does this mean in relation to neuron B and fear conditioning?

A

Overtime, activation of just neuron B will lead to a large enough EPSP to create the fear response alone, because it has been strengthened by the postsynaptic depolorisation

Brain and Behaviour (10 decks)

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