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Neuro - Physiology > Sleep and Circadian Rhythm > Flashcards

Sleep and Circadian Rhythm Flashcards

1
Q

excitatory/inhibitory processes originating in the pons stimulate sleep

A

inhibitory

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2
Q

damage to which part of the brain creates a brain that never sleeps

A

mid-pons

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3
Q

where in the pons does research suggest is the origin of sleep stimulating activity

A

reticular formation

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4
Q

what hormone is relevant in sleep

A

serotonin

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5
Q

what hormone is serotonin a precursor of

A

melatonin

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6
Q

the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus demonstrates …

A

24 hour circadian rhythm

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7
Q

where is melatonin released from

A

the pineal gland

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8
Q

what stimulates the pineal gland to secrete melatonin

A

activity in suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN)

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9
Q

what is orexin

A

a neurotransmitter

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10
Q

what does orexin do

A

excitatory neurotransmitter that is required for wakefulness

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11
Q

what condition arise from defective orexin signalling

A

narcolepsy

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12
Q

how does melatonin make you feel

A

sleepy

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13
Q

excitatory wakefulness neurons _____ and allow inhibitory signals from reticular formation to dominate.

A

fatigue

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14
Q

wakefulness is what kind of feedback loop

A

positive - ends when the neurons fatigue

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15
Q

what does EEG stand for

A

ElectroEncepheloGram

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16
Q

EEG of a sleep shows increase/decrease in frequency

A

decrease

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17
Q

4 wave patterns of an EEG

A

alpha, beta, theta and delta

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18
Q

a high frequency and high amplitude wave is a __ wave

A

alpha

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19
Q

a high frequency and low amplitude wave is a __ wave

A

beta

20
Q

which indicates more brain activity, alpha or beta

A

beta - despite having lower amplitude, this comes about from the increased activity cancelling each other out on EEG recording

21
Q

which has a higher frequency, alpha or beta

A

beta

22
Q

when are theta waves observed

A

emotional stress and frustration, normal for children.

also in sleep

23
Q

when are delta waves observed

A

in deep sleep

24
Q

which has a higher amplitude theta or delta waves

A

delta waves - although theta amplitude is very variable

25
Q

which has higher frequency theta or delta waves

A

they have about the same frequency

26
Q

which stages of sleep are deep sleep

A

stages 3 and 4

27
Q

what waves types are seen in stages 3 and 4

A

delta waves

28
Q

which sleep stage is REM

A

stage 1

29
Q

REM displays what wave type

A

theta waves

30
Q

what are sleep spindles and when are they observed

A

bursts of rapid waves, in stage 2 of sleep just after REM

31
Q

when do dreams occur

A

in REM

32
Q

which stages of sleep do sleep walking and talking happen

A

stages 3 and 4

33
Q

describe the sleep pattern

A

stage 1 REM - theta waves and dreams –> 2 sleep spindles –> 3 phases into delta but still some spindles –> 4 deep delta sleep with sleep walking and difficult to rouse

  • pattern repeats this a few times like 1->2->3->4->3->2->1 but then becomes REM –> 2/3 –> REM –> 2/3
  • REM phases increased in length through the night
34
Q

during deep delta sleep vascular tone _____ and metabolic rate _____

A

decreases both

35
Q

what’s different about REM sleep when is happens the 2nd time around

A

the waves are desynchronised and so are low amplitude

36
Q

what prevents us from acting out our dreams

A

inhibitory pathways from the pons to spinal cord

37
Q

during REM sleep heart rate _____ and brain metabolism _____

A

becomes irregular, increases

38
Q

depriving an animal of sleep causes it to die how soon

A

2-3 weeks

39
Q

6 things that sleep promotes/supports

A 
neuronal plasticity
learning and memory
cognition
clearance of waste in CNS
conservation of energy
immune function
40
Q

through a lifetime how does the amount of REM sleep change

A

decreases from 80% of sleep at 10 weeks to maybe being absent at 80+

41
Q

difference between chronic and temporary insomnia

A

chronic is primary and idiopathic

temporary is secondary and short lived due to pain or emotional crisis

42
Q

drugs to treat insomnia

A

barbituates and benzodiazepines

43
Q

problems with sleep drugs

A

barbituates depress deep and REM sleep.

benzodiazepines are addictive

44
Q

difference between nightmares and night terrors

A

night terrors occur in deep sleep and involve thrashing about or screaming and can even have their eyes open.
Nightmares are just bad dreams in REM sleep

45
Q

fancy name for sleep walking

A

somnanbulism

46
Q

circadian rhythm is inbuilt or learned

A

it is trained in us from light and dark cycles and probably something else because blind people have it too

47
Q

where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

in the hypothalamus just above the optic chiasm

Neuro - Physiology (16 decks)

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