Sleep Flashcards
Percentage of sleep NREM?
75%
NREM: hypo or hyperactive state?
HYPO
NREM blood flow to brain?
DECREASED
Beta
NREM
16-25 Hz
Vigilent
Eyes open
Alpha
NREM
8-12 Hz
Drowsy
Eyes closed
Theta
NREM
3-7 Hz
Stage 1 (5%) = rolling eyes, hypnogogic hallucinations Stage 2 (45%) = COMPLEX K, SPINDLES
Delta
NREM
0.5-3Hz
Stage 3/4 (12%+ 13%) = SLOW WAVE SLEEP
Most stage 4 in 1/3 of night.
Percentage of sleep REM (adults)?
25%
REM: hypo or hyperactive state?
HYPER
REM blood flow to brain?
INCREASED
REM muscle tone?
ATONIA
What is paradoxical about REM sleep?
EEG activity more closely resembles awake than slow sleep
REM waves?
SAWTOOTH
Last 1/3 of sleep
Percentage of sleep REM (neonates)?
up to 50%
Fall asleep directly into REM
16H / day with brief periods of wakefulness
Aging sleep changes?
(According to K&S summary):
DECREASED TOTAL SLEEP TIME vs. TOTAL REM SLEEP (see below)
Lower efficiency
Higher fragmentation
INCREASED SLEEP LATENCY
Less slow wave AND REM sleep so % stays the same
Need for sleep doesn’t change
(From K&S text…not helpful)
“Changes in sleep structure among persons over 65 years of age involve both REM sleep and nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. The REM changes include the redistribution of REM sleep throughout the night, more REM episodes, shorter REM episodes, and LESS TOTAL REM SLEEP. The NREM changes include the decreased amplitude of delta waves, a lower percentage of stages 3 and 4 sleep, and a higher percentage of stages 1 and 2 sleep. In addition, older persons experience increased awakening after sleep onset.”
Children sleep differences?
DECREASED SLEEP LATENCY (5-10 minutes)
Highly efficient sleep
Easy awakening
Dream quality in NREM?
LUCID
PURPOSEFUL
Dream quality in REM?
ABSTRACT
SURREAL
More REM eye movements associated with vividness of dreaming)
NE in sleep?
Firing = wakefulness and NREM
Which neurotransmitter is REM promoting?
Acetylcholine
Which is the primary neurotransmitter in reticular activating system?
Acetylcholine
Glutamate as well
Where is melatonin produced?
Pineal gland
Where is the circadian clock in brain?
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
Antidepressants and REM?
Serotonin is anti-REM
Antidepressants increase serotonin
Antidepressants DECREASE REM
Process S
Accumulates during wakefulness
Process C
Think CIRCADIAN
In hypothalamus
Regulates temperature and sleep duration
Histamine and sleep
In posterior hypothalamus
Fire while AWAKE but not during REM and NREM
(ANTI-histaminics cause sedation)
Long sleepers how many hours?
> 9 hours