Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

RC Nuggets > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Corpus striatum (caudate, putamen)
Pallidum
Substantia nigra
Subthalamic nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Caudate

A

OCD
Tics
Huntington

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Putamen

A

Methanol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Globus pallidus

A

CO monoxide

Wilson’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Subthalamic nucleus

A

Ballistic movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Ideational apraxia

A

Acts in isolation but not in sequence

Alzheimer’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Ideomotor apraxia

A

Can do something spontaneously but not on command (learned sequence)
Wernicke, callosal
MOST COMMON

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Facial recognition

A

Left inferior temporal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Olfactory processing

A

Right frontal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Prosody

A

Body language

Right hemisphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Semantic language

A

Temporal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Level of consciousness

A

Ascending reticular activating system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Attention

A

Right frontal lobe HYPOMETABOLISM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Brain structures involved in memory

A

Medial temporal lobe
Certain diencephalic nuclei
Basal forebrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which areas damaged in thiamine deficiency?

A

Mammillary bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Left hemisphere

A

Analytical

Lesion in left hemisphere = depression (because only right emotional hemisphere active)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Right hemisphere

A

Emotional

Lesion in right hemisphere = anosognosia (because only left analytical hemisphere active)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Temporal lobe epilepsy

A 
HYPOsexuality
Emotional intensity
Perseverative approach to interactions (VISCOSITY)
Aggression between seizures
Seizures evoke fear
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Left prefrontal cortex

A

Activation = elevated mood (GELASTIC SEIZURE = ictal laughter)

Lesion = depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Right prefrontal cortex

A

Activation = depression

Lesion = laughter, euphoria, witzelsucht (jokes + pun)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Serotonin

A

Cell bodies in midline raphe nuclei of the brainstem
< 2% in CNS, 80% in GI (doesn’t cross BBB)

Made from TRYPTOPHAN
Rate-limiting enzyme = tryptophan hydroxyls

Carbs increase tryptophan
Proteins decrease tryptophan

Low serotonin = aggression

No serotonin activity during REM sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Dopamine

A

Caudate

Made from TYROSINE
Tyrosine –> L-dopa –> Dopamine –> Norepinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Norepinephrine

A 
Locus ceruleus (pons)
Lateral tegmental nuclei

Made from TYROSINE
Tyrosine –> L-dopa –> Dopamine –> Norepinephrine

END PRODUCT INHIBITION is rate limiting step

Degraded by MAO = PRESYNAPTIC
Degraded by COMT = POSTSYNAPTIC

To epinephrine = PNMT

Not firing during REM sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Histamine

A

Posterior HYPOTHALAMUS = TUBEROMAMMILLARY NUCLEUS

Decarboxylation of histidine

Not firing during REM sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Basal forebrain complex + mesopontine complex

RATE LIMITED BY UPTAKE OF CHOLINE FROM BLOOD

REM PROMOTING

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

MAO-A

A

Deaminates serotonin and NE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

MAO-B

A

Deaminates dopamine and histamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Dopamine metabolite

A

HOMOVANILLIC ACID (HVA)

29
Q

Norepinephrine metabolite

A

MHPG (3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol)

30
Q

Acetylcholinesterase

A

Localized to cholinergic neurons

31
Q

Butyrylcholinesterase

A

Primarily in liver, plasma and glia

32
Q

3 known monoamine transporters?

A
  1. SERT (serotonin)
  2. DAT (dopamine)
  3. NET (norepinephrine)

Mo histamine or acetylcholine

33
Q

Cocaine blocks what?

A

DAT (dopamine transporter)

34
Q

Buspirone

A

5HT1a partial agonist

35
Q

Alpha 1

A

activating INCREASES serotonin activity

36
Q

Alpha 2

A

activating DECREASES serotonin activity

37
Q

5HT3

A

Agonist = antiemetic

38
Q

Pramipexole

A

D3 agonist

39
Q

Melatonin

A

Acts on suprachiasmatic nuclei of HYPOTHALAMUS

Also produced in retina + intestine

40
Q

Glutamate

A

Postsynaptic effects mediated by 2 families of receptors:

  1. Glutamate-gated cation channels (NMDA, AMPA, KA)
  2. Metabotropic glutamate receptors (G protein coupled, alpha, dopamine receptors)
41
Q

Excitotoxicity in Alzheimer’s disease

A

B-amyloid DEPOLARIZES neurons = loss of magnesium block = increased NMDA receptor sensitivity for glutamate

MEMANTINE = WEAK INHIBITOR OF NMDA RECEPTOR targets this glutamate excess in AD

42
Q

GABA

A

Synthesized from glutamate by removal of a single carboxyl group by DECARBOXYLASE

43
Q

GABA-a receptor

A

FAST

Cl- influx causing hyper polarization (INHIBITION)

44
Q

GABA-b receptor

A

SLOW

Potently activated by baclofen

45
Q

Glycine

A

INHIBITORY

46
Q

Schizophrenia

A 
GABAergic deficit (decreased decarboxylase activity)
Upregulated GABA-a receptors
Hypofunction of NMDA receptors

DECREASED CSF AND BLOOD LEVELS OF D-SERINE

47
Q

Alcohol dependency

A

Downregulation of GABA-a receptor

UPREGULATION OF NMDA RECEPTORS
Withdrawal = hyper excitable state as a result

Supersensitive NMDA receptors due to thiamine deficiency contribute to excitotoxicity (Wernicke-Korsakoff)

48
Q

Anterior pituitary

A

ACTH
TSH
LH

49
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

ADH

Oxytocin

50
Q

Papez circuit

A 
Hippocampus
Fornix
Mamillary bodies
Anterior nucleus of hypothalamus
Cingulate gyrus

NOT AMYGDALA

For learning and storing memories

51
Q

Which psych illness does not suppress dexamethasone on test?

A

MDD!

52
Q

MDD

A

Decreased TSH response in TRH test

53
Q

PTSD

A

LOW cortisol
HIGH norepinephrine and epinephrine
Increased suppression dexamethasone test
Low beta-endorphins

RIGHT HEMISPHERE LOCALIZATION

54
Q

OCD

A

Decreased basal ganglia

Increased anterior cingulate cortex
Increased thalamus

Amygdala asymmetry
Anomalies orbitofrontal cortex

55
Q

Wilson’s

A

Lenticular nuclei
(Putamen > Pallidus)

Cerebellum

Cerebral cortex

56
Q

Akinetic mutism

A

FRONTAL LOBE

ANTERIOR CINGULATE CORTEX

57
Q

Anomia

A

ANGULAR GYRUS

DOMINANT PARIETAL LOBE

58
Q

Anosognosis

A

NON-DOMINANT PARIETAL LOBE

59
Q

Understanding emotions in speech of others

A

NON-DOMINANT TEMPORAL LOBE

60
Q

Cortical

A

Aphasia
Apraxia
Agnosia
Seizures

61
Q

Subcortical

A

Executive deficits
Memory retrieval deficits
Slowing

62
Q

Astereognosia

A

Can’t recognize objects by touch

63
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Don’t recognize familiar faces

FUSIFORM GYRUS (NON-DOMINANT TEMPORAL/OCCIPITAL LOBE)

64
Q

Atopognosia

A

Denial of a part of the body

65
Q

Aprosody

A

Can’t recognize emotional qualities of speech

NON-DOMINANT FRONTAL LOBE

66
Q

Conduction aphasia

A

ARCUATE FASCICULUS

Altered repetition
Comprehension and speech intact

67
Q

Extrapyramidal system

A

Connects cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, vestibular system, thalamus, cerebellum, reticular formation, spinal

DOES NOT INCLUDE LOCUS CERULEUS

Red nucleus = involved in motor

68
Q

Ventromedial nucleus (hypothalamus)

A

SATIETY

Lesion = increased appetite, rage

69
Q

Lateral nucleus (hypothalamus)

A

HUNGER

Lesion = decreased appetite

RC Nuggets (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions