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Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Corpus striatum (caudate, putamen)
Pallidum
Substantia nigra
Subthalamic nucleus

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2
Q

Caudate

A

OCD
Tics
Huntington

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3
Q

Putamen

A

Methanol

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4
Q

Globus pallidus

A

CO monoxide

Wilson’s

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5
Q

Subthalamic nucleus

A

Ballistic movements

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6
Q

Ideational apraxia

A

Acts in isolation but not in sequence

Alzheimer’s

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7
Q

Ideomotor apraxia

A

Can do something spontaneously but not on command (learned sequence)
Wernicke, callosal
MOST COMMON

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8
Q

Facial recognition

A

Left inferior temporal cortex

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9
Q

Olfactory processing

A

Right frontal lobe

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10
Q

Prosody

A

Body language

Right hemisphere

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11
Q

Semantic language

A

Temporal

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12
Q

Level of consciousness

A

Ascending reticular activating system

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13
Q

Attention

A

Right frontal lobe HYPOMETABOLISM

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14
Q

Brain structures involved in memory

A

Medial temporal lobe
Certain diencephalic nuclei
Basal forebrain

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15
Q

Which areas damaged in thiamine deficiency?

A

Mammillary bodies

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16
Q

Left hemisphere

A

Analytical

Lesion in left hemisphere = depression (because only right emotional hemisphere active)

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17
Q

Right hemisphere

A

Emotional

Lesion in right hemisphere = anosognosia (because only left analytical hemisphere active)

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18
Q

Temporal lobe epilepsy

A 
HYPOsexuality
Emotional intensity
Perseverative approach to interactions (VISCOSITY)
Aggression between seizures
Seizures evoke fear
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19
Q

Left prefrontal cortex

A

Activation = elevated mood (GELASTIC SEIZURE = ictal laughter)

Lesion = depression

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20
Q

Right prefrontal cortex

A

Activation = depression

Lesion = laughter, euphoria, witzelsucht (jokes + pun)

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21
Q

Serotonin

A

Cell bodies in midline raphe nuclei of the brainstem
< 2% in CNS, 80% in GI (doesn’t cross BBB)

Made from TRYPTOPHAN
Rate-limiting enzyme = tryptophan hydroxyls

Carbs increase tryptophan
Proteins decrease tryptophan

Low serotonin = aggression

No serotonin activity during REM sleep

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22
Q

Dopamine

A

Caudate

Made from TYROSINE
Tyrosine –> L-dopa –> Dopamine –> Norepinephrine

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23
Q

Norepinephrine

A 
Locus ceruleus (pons)
Lateral tegmental nuclei

Made from TYROSINE
Tyrosine –> L-dopa –> Dopamine –> Norepinephrine

END PRODUCT INHIBITION is rate limiting step

Degraded by MAO = PRESYNAPTIC
Degraded by COMT = POSTSYNAPTIC

To epinephrine = PNMT

Not firing during REM sleep

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24
Q

Histamine

A

Posterior HYPOTHALAMUS = TUBEROMAMMILLARY NUCLEUS

Decarboxylation of histidine

Not firing during REM sleep

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25
Acetylcholine
Basal forebrain complex + mesopontine complex RATE LIMITED BY UPTAKE OF CHOLINE FROM BLOOD REM PROMOTING
26
MAO-A
Deaminates serotonin and NE
27
MAO-B
Deaminates dopamine and histamine
28
Dopamine metabolite
HOMOVANILLIC ACID (HVA)
29
Norepinephrine metabolite
MHPG (3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol)
30
Acetylcholinesterase
Localized to cholinergic neurons
31
Butyrylcholinesterase
Primarily in liver, plasma and glia
32
3 known monoamine transporters?
1. SERT (serotonin) 2. DAT (dopamine) 3. NET (norepinephrine) Mo histamine or acetylcholine
33
Cocaine blocks what?
DAT (dopamine transporter)
34
Buspirone
5HT1a partial agonist
35
Alpha 1
activating INCREASES serotonin activity
36
Alpha 2
activating DECREASES serotonin activity
37
5HT3
Agonist = antiemetic
38
Pramipexole
D3 agonist
39
Melatonin
Acts on suprachiasmatic nuclei of HYPOTHALAMUS | Also produced in retina + intestine
40
Glutamate
Postsynaptic effects mediated by 2 families of receptors: 1. Glutamate-gated cation channels (NMDA, AMPA, KA) 2. Metabotropic glutamate receptors (G protein coupled, alpha, dopamine receptors)
41
Excitotoxicity in Alzheimer's disease
B-amyloid DEPOLARIZES neurons = loss of magnesium block = increased NMDA receptor sensitivity for glutamate MEMANTINE = WEAK INHIBITOR OF NMDA RECEPTOR targets this glutamate excess in AD
42
GABA
Synthesized from glutamate by removal of a single carboxyl group by DECARBOXYLASE
43
GABA-a receptor
FAST Cl- influx causing hyper polarization (INHIBITION)
44
GABA-b receptor
SLOW Potently activated by baclofen
45
Glycine
INHIBITORY
46
Schizophrenia
``` GABAergic deficit (decreased decarboxylase activity) Upregulated GABA-a receptors Hypofunction of NMDA receptors ``` DECREASED CSF AND BLOOD LEVELS OF D-SERINE
47
Alcohol dependency
Downregulation of GABA-a receptor UPREGULATION OF NMDA RECEPTORS Withdrawal = hyper excitable state as a result Supersensitive NMDA receptors due to thiamine deficiency contribute to excitotoxicity (Wernicke-Korsakoff)
48
Anterior pituitary
ACTH TSH LH
49
Posterior pituitary
ADH | Oxytocin
50
Papez circuit
``` Hippocampus Fornix Mamillary bodies Anterior nucleus of hypothalamus Cingulate gyrus ``` NOT AMYGDALA For learning and storing memories
51
Which psych illness does not suppress dexamethasone on test?
MDD!
52
MDD
Decreased TSH response in TRH test
53
PTSD
LOW cortisol HIGH norepinephrine and epinephrine Increased suppression dexamethasone test Low beta-endorphins RIGHT HEMISPHERE LOCALIZATION
54
OCD
Decreased basal ganglia Increased anterior cingulate cortex Increased thalamus Amygdala asymmetry Anomalies orbitofrontal cortex
55
Wilson's
Lenticular nuclei (Putamen > Pallidus) Cerebellum Cerebral cortex
56
Akinetic mutism
FRONTAL LOBE | ANTERIOR CINGULATE CORTEX
57
Anomia
ANGULAR GYRUS | DOMINANT PARIETAL LOBE
58
Anosognosis
NON-DOMINANT PARIETAL LOBE
59
Understanding emotions in speech of others
NON-DOMINANT TEMPORAL LOBE
60
Cortical
Aphasia Apraxia Agnosia Seizures
61
Subcortical
Executive deficits Memory retrieval deficits Slowing
62
Astereognosia
Can't recognize objects by touch
63
Prosopagnosia
Don't recognize familiar faces FUSIFORM GYRUS (NON-DOMINANT TEMPORAL/OCCIPITAL LOBE)
64
Atopognosia
Denial of a part of the body
65
Aprosody
Can't recognize emotional qualities of speech NON-DOMINANT FRONTAL LOBE
66
Conduction aphasia
ARCUATE FASCICULUS Altered repetition Comprehension and speech intact
67
Extrapyramidal system
Connects cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, vestibular system, thalamus, cerebellum, reticular formation, spinal DOES NOT INCLUDE LOCUS CERULEUS Red nucleus = involved in motor
68
Ventromedial nucleus (hypothalamus)
SATIETY | Lesion = increased appetite, rage
69
Lateral nucleus (hypothalamus)
HUNGER | Lesion = decreased appetite

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