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NB 2 Development > Sleep > Flashcards

Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

EEG records very small electrical fields generated by syanaptic currents in cortical ______

A

EEG records very small electrical fields generated by syanaptic currents in cortical pyramidal cells

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2
Q

describe what is seen in the EEG

A
  • cortical activity causes high (voltage) amplitude EEG waves; found in the sleeping brain
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3
Q

describe what is seen in the EEG

A
  • cortical activity causes low (voltage) amplitdue EEG waves; normal awake brain
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4
Q
A
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5
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6
Q
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7
Q
A

seen in a comatose/unconscious person

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8
Q
A
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9
Q

describe this hypnogram

A
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10
Q

describe sleep pressure

A
  • homeostatic process that keeps track of how long we have been awake
  • the longer we are awake, the greater the build-up of sleep pressure, possibly reflected by adenosine levels
  • sleep pressure interacts with the circadian sleep rhythm
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11
Q

describe the sleep pressure graph

A
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12
Q

contrast arousal vs sleep systems

A
  • arousal systems (cholinergic and monoaminergic pathways) and sleep-promoting systems (GABA-ergic pathways) are mutually inhibited by turning off each other’s circuitry
  • the circuitry that governs sleep/wake cycling is analogous to a flip-flop electrical switch with either an ON state or OFF state
    • the switch is controlled by GABA containing neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic region (VLPO) of the ant. hypothalamus that turn off arousal systems in the asecnding reticular activating system (ARAS)
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13
Q

describe the components involved in the ARAS (ascending reticular activating system)

A
  • PPT: pedunculopontine nuclei = cholinergic
  • LDT: laterodorsal tegmental nuclei = cholinergic
  • RN: raphe nuclei = serotonin
  • LC: locus ceruleus = norepi
  • VT: ventral tegmentum = dopamine
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14
Q

describe the hypothalamic components involved in wakefulness

A
  • hypothalamus
    • LH: lateral hypothalamus
    • TMN: tuberomammillary bodies
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15
Q

describe the basal forebrain components involved in wakefulness

A
  • basal forebrain
    • septal nuclei
    • nucleus basalis
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16
Q

describe the components of the brain involved in sleep

A
  • hypothalamus
    • VLPO: ventrolateral preoptic region
      • GABA-ergic that inhibits wakefulness
17
Q

the ____ promotes ____ and ____ during the wake period

____ projections to the ____ influence the firing patterns of sensory relay neurons

A

the cholinergic system (ACH) promotes thalamic and cortical during the wake period

ACH projections to the thalamus influence the firing patterns of sensory relay neurons

18
Q

the ____ contains sensory relay stations whare are in “_____” during waking state but go into “____” during slow wave sleep (SWS)

A

the thalamus contains sensory relay stations whare are in “transmission mode” during waking state but go into “burst mode” during slow wave sleep (SWS)

19
Q

describe the activity of these thalamic neurons and in what state they are found

A
20
Q

how does the suprachiamastic nucleus influence sleep?

A
  • the SCN has minimal projections to the VLPO
  • SCN strongly innervates the subparaventricular zone (SPZ) of the hypothalamus and the dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei (DMH)
    • DMH integrates feeding, temp. and light cues from SPZ and SCN
    • DMH has GABAergic projections to the VLPO and excitatory projections to the LH
21
Q

there is transient ____ activation during REM sleep

A

there is transient cholinergic cell activation during REM sleep

22
Q

compared to SWS, REM involves increased _____ in:

A

compared to SWS, REM involves increased blood flow in:

  • pons, midbrain, basal gang
  • paralimbic regions
  • association cortices
23
Q

____ activity higher in ____ than in awake brain

A

paralimbic activity higher in REM than in awake brain

24
Q

describe why there is paralysis during REM sleep

A
  • glycinergic ventromedial medulla nerons inhibit spinal motor neurons during REM-associated motor atonia
25
Q

summarize the sleep stages

A
26
Q

describe memory and sleep

A
  • memory encoding takes place during the waking state, whereas memory consolidation is facilitated during the sleeping state due to the lack of interference from incoming sensory stimuli

NB 2 Development (20 decks)

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