Adult Development

Question 1

describe Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning during the preconventional stage

Answer 1

• stage 1: punishment orientation
  
  • obeys rules to avoid punishment
• stage 2: reward orientation
  
  • conforms to obtain rewards and favors

Question 2

describe Kohlber’s theory of moral reasoning during the conventional phase

Answer 2

• stage 3: good boy/good girl
  
  • conforms to avoid disapproval
• stage 4: authority orientation
  
  • upholds social rules to avoid censure and guilt

Question 3

describe Kohlber’s theory of moral reasoning during the postconventional phase

Answer 3

• stage 5: social contract orientation:
  
  • actions guided by commonly agreed upon principles as essential to the public welfare–principles upheld to retain respect of peers, and thus, self-respect
• stage 6: ethical principle orientation
  
  • actions guided by self-chosen ethical principles which usually value justice, dignity and equality–principles upheld to avoid self-condemnation

Question 4

describe changes in physical abilities during early adulthood

Answer 4

• physicial abilities peak in early adulthood
  
  • muscular strength
  • reaction time
  • sensory acuity
    
    • seeing
    • hearing
    • smelling
  • cardiac output

Question 5

describe age related changes in brain structure in adulthood

Answer 5

Question 6

contrast the change in fluid cognition and crystalized knowledge throughout adulthood

Answer 6

Question 7

describe the first stage of dying

Answer 7

• denial
  
  • resistance to reality of impending death
  • search for other diagnoses or miracle cures
  • withdrawal from physician’s care
    
    • facilitate further evaluation
    • “leave the door open”

Question 8

describe the second stage of dying in the Kubler-Ross model

Answer 8

• anger
  
  • hostility, resentment, envy
  • any target in the environment, including family, friend, medical staff, material things, God

Question 9

describe the third stage of dying in the Kubler-Ross model

Answer 9

• bargaining
  
  • let’s make a deal
    
    • deity
    • physician
  • plea to extend life in exchange for a change in behavior
    
    • if I can live until…then I won’t ask for more
    • I’ll become a better person

Question 10

describe the fourth stage of dying in the Kubler-Ross model

Answer 10

• depression
  
  • manifestations of the illness become too serious or imposing to ignore or deny
    
    • hospitalization, surgery, imposing symptoms
  • realization of unavoidable death
  • immense sadness
  • sense of great loss

Question 11

describe the fifth stage of dying in the Kubler-Ross model

Answer 11

• acceptance
  
  • resolute about impending death
  • end of struggle
  • sincere preparations can begin
    
    • take care of business
    • say goodbye
    • prepare for transition
  • comfort others

Question 12

describe the hospice movement

Answer 12

• the primary goal of hospice is to help people live as individuals during the weeks and months left to them and to help them die with as little discomfort and as much serenity as possible