41 Intro to Human Dev. Flashcards

1
Q

contrast sleep terror and nightmares

A
  • sleep terrors occur during non-REM, deep sleep (~7%)
  • nightmares occur during REM sleep and the child often remembers the dream (~10%)
    • most prevalent between 4-6 years
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2
Q

describe APGAR scoring

A
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3
Q

describe APGAR scores and outcomes

A
  • normal babies = 7-10
  • 3-7 requires further evaluation and follow up
  • < 3 require resuscitation
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4
Q

describe the primitive reflexes of newborns

A
  • rooting: touch cheeks; turns head in direction of touch
  • sucking: place finger in mouth; infants suck right away
  • palmar grasp: place finger in hand; grabs and holds
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5
Q

describe the Moro reflex and Babinski reflex

A
  • Moro reflex: “startle reflex” elicit by loud noise; infant extends arms and legs suddenly
  • Babinski reflex: stroke sole of foot from top to bottom; toes fan out
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6
Q

describe the brain growth in year 1

A
  • 25% adult volume at birth; 50% at 12 months
  • subcortical gray matter growth
    • hippocampus
    • amygdala
    • thalamus
    • basal ganglia
  • cortical expansion greatest in prefrontal, parietal and temporal association areas
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7
Q

describe MRIs in 1 year old babies

A
  • MRI signal intensities reverse in 1st year due to myelination
    • on newborn T1 scans, gray matter (GM) is white and white matter (WM) is gray in newborns; this reverses by age 1
    • on newborn T2 scans, WM is white and GM is gray; this reverses by age 1
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8
Q

describe what happens to primitive reflexes by year 1

A
  • primitive reflexes disappear
    • endogenous smiling by 2 months
    • Moro by 3 months
    • rooting by 4 months
    • palmar by 6 months
    • Babinski by 12 months
  • myelination of corticospinal tracts contribute to inhibition of brain stem mediated reflexes
  • persistent reflexes can indicate delays or failures in myelination = decreased cortical inhibition
  • SIDS risk associated with cortical-brain stem netowrk abnormalities
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9
Q

describe the universal sequence of motor skill development during year 1

A
  • lifts head up prone (1 month)
  • reaches for objects (3 months)
  • rolls and sits (6 months)
  • stands with support (8 months)
  • crawls (8-9 months)
  • pincer grasp (10 months)
  • cruises/takes first steps/walks (12-18 months)
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10
Q

describe cognitive development of year 1s

A
  • recognition memory for past events (6-8 weeks)
    • infant looks longer at novel objects
  • organize their experience into schemas (7 months)
    • assimilation (new experiences fit into existing schemas)
    • accomodation (schemas altered to fit new experiences)
    • object permanence (9 months)
  • working memory (7-9 months)
    • ability to inhibit perseverative behaviors (behaviors that worked in the past but are no longer succesful)
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11
Q

describe emotional development by year 1

A
  • stranger anxiety (8-9 months)
    • infant can recognize familiar adults (6 weeks)
    • infant shows preference for caregiver (5 months)
    • infant becomes upset at the sight of strangers (8 months, peaks at 12)
  • separation anxiety (6-9 months)
    • infant cries at cues of caregiver’s impending absence or during caregiver absence
    • begins to disappear at 20-24 months
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12
Q

describe the development of imitation and language during year 1

A
  • imitation
    • provoked imitation (4-5 weeks)
    • spontaneous imitation after a delay (7 months)
  • language
    • babbling (6 months)
    • orients to name and gestures (9 months)
    • says “mama” or “dada” (10 months)
    • 10 words (12 months)
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13
Q

describe categories of attachment

A
  • securely attached
    • child seeks interaction with mother upon her return
  • insecurely attached: anxious avoidant
    • child avoid interaction with mother upon her return (comfort deined to child)
  • insecurely attached: anxious resistant
    • child shows resistance when mother returns
    • child may seek and then resist physical interaction (parental inconsistency)
  • insecurely attached: disorganized
    • child exhibits confusion when mother returns
    • child may avoid, resist or be fearful of mother (abuse, parental depression)
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14
Q

traumatic, prolonged separation between child and mother may result in ____ _____, in which the child becomes withdrawn and unresponsive

A

traumatic, prolonged separation between child and mother may result in anaclitic depression, in which the child becomes withdrawn and unresponsive

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15
Q

lack of human contact and stimulation can result in ____ ____

A

lack of human contact and stimulation can result in Failure to Thrive syndrome

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16
Q

describe physical development by year 2

A
  • continued motor skill maturation
    • hand preference emerges (18 months)
  • gross motor dexterity
    • climbs stairs (18 months)
    • throws/kicks a ball (24 months)
  • fine motor dexterity
    • stacks 3 cubes (18 months)
    • feeds self with fork and spoon (20 months)
17
Q

describe brain development by year 2

A
  • continued myelination apparent on MRI at smaller growth rate
  • highlights
    • advanced myelination of association pathways, from short-range to long-range pathways
    • maturation of thalamocortical pathways
    • intracortical myelination
18
Q

describe cognitive development by year 2

A
  • concrete use of objects
  • can use symbols
  • language development
    • identifies body parts by pointing
    • uses 200 words (by age 2)
    • 2-word sentences (by age 2)
    • telegraphic sentences
19
Q

describe the emotional/social development during year 2

A
  • self-awareness; self-recognition (in mirror)
  • egocentric; self-centered
  • aggresstion, responsive to social learning
  • theory of mind emerges
    • infers feelings and intentions in others
    • develops sense of right and wrong
    • empathy
20
Q

describe the stages of play during year 2

A
  • solitary play (sensorimotor) < 18 months of age
  • parallel play (symbolic) 18 months - 2 years
  • cooperative play (imaginary) 3-4 yrs
21
Q

describe the months when standardized screening tools are administered

A

9 month, 18 month, 24 month and 30 month visits

22
Q

describe the DENVER II test and the four scales

A

DENVER II compares a child’s performance on a variety of tasks (125) to the performance of other children of the same age

  • 4 scales:
    • gross motor
    • fine motor adaptive
    • personal - social
    • language
23
Q

describe developmental red flags

A
  • abnormal or absent primitive reflexes at birth
  • persistent fisting at 3 months
  • failure to reach for objects at 6 months
  • absent smile at 3 months
  • absent babbling at 6 months (hearing deficits)
  • persistent mouthing of objects at 12 months
  • advanced non-communicative speech
  • regression from previously acquired skills