Sleep Flashcards
What is sleep characterized by?
- insensitive to sensory stimuli, part of brain “shuts off”
- some parts of brain more active
- total brain energy consumption dec 5% to 10%
- voluntary movement ceases
Why do we sleep?
No exact answers
- something to do with repair and recover e.g. of immune, musculoskeletal, and nervous system
- sleep expert says only definite answer is that we become sleepy
How much sleep does the average young adult need?
8-9 hours of sleep
Best indication that you need sleep is?
how rested or sleepy you feel during the day
What happens if u don’t get enough sleep
- sleep deficiency causes fatigue and irritability
- memory, learning, reaction time, processing time, and attention all suffer
- greater tendency to persevere with ineffective solutions
- performance decreases
- susceptibility to errors and accidents increases
What did Wiebe (2009) report was the cause for why teens are awake at night
- stay up texting
- guzzle caffeine-loaded cola or energy drinks late
What is the average time Dr. Calamaro’s subjects used technology at night
- avg of 5 hours per night of ‘technology use’
How many of Dr. Calamaro’s subjects had a television in their bedroom
2/3
How many of Dr. Calamaro’s subjects had a computer in their bedroom
1/3
How many of Dr. Calamaro’s subjects had cell phones or MP3 players in their bedroom
most
What does Dr. Calamaro argue for parents to do
set limits on children’s home technology use, including getting phones and computers out of bedroom, even if only for set periods of the day
What can you do to get better sleep
- Set a routine: body’s biological clock can more easily adjust to earlier bedtime if regularly go sleep same time
- Exercise: helps manage stress (major barrier to falling asleep). But exercise earlier in the day cause minutes-hours after exercise body still activated
- dont’ drink caffeinated beverages (coffee, tea etc.) cause caffeine = stimulant
- alcohol (risk and benefit)
- melatonin (risk & benefit)
- don’t drink lots of fluids b4 bed. While asleep blood continues to circulate, kidney filters blood, & urine accumulates. If bladder fills past certain lvl it signals need to urinate, waking you up.
- create cool, dark, reasonably quiet sleeping environment. (earplugs, sleep mask etc.)
- refrain from mentally stimulating activities ~1 hour b4 sleep (take warm bath or listen to relaxing music instead)
- use bed only for sleeping
- if difficulty sleeping use to acute distress, physician may provide 1-2 week sleep medication. if difficulty persists talk to health care provider. sleep medication may get addiction or less effective over time
Possible reason why smokers experience poorer sleep?
nicotine in tobacco also stimulant
How does alcohol affect sleep
- central nervous system depressant so low doses (one beer or equivalent) can aid relaxation & sleep
Problem w/recommending alcohol as a sleep aid?
“experienced” drinkers tend to feel stimulated after a drink rather than sedated & moderate and higher doses (2 or more drinks) interfere with phase of sleep thats most refreshing
How does melatonin affect sleep
- hormone (produced by small gland in brain) helps control sleep/wake cycles
- blood lvls of melatonin highest at night
- low doses of melatonin available w/out prescription
- low doses provide some benefit in certain types of sleep disorder like helping people fall asleep earlier at night & travelers adjusting sleep cycle to new time zone
Cautions for melatonin
- possible drowsiness so refrain from activities that require alertness (e.g. driving) for 4-5 hours after ingesting
- can interact w/various medication inc. birth control pills & medications of diabetes
- correct daily dose depends on intended use
- long term (more than 2 months) use may not be indicated
6 relationships involved in health promotions?
- Role models
- Opinion leaders
- Gatekeepers
- Stakeholders
- Partners
- Strategic alliances
Definition of role model?
a person who serves as an example in a particular behaviour or social part, fxn, or position for another person to emulate
At the personal level, who may be a role model?
Family, friends, coaches, teachers, leaders of spiritual community, health care providers
At the public level, who may be a role model?
Celebrities, athletes, entertainers
How did public role models negatively affect health previously in the 1940’s
Portrayal in cinema of smoking as glamorous, fashionable, sexy
How is human behavior influenced
- by others around us. starting in early childhood we learn how others around us behave, and to a large extent most people “socialize” so their behaviour is congruent with their reference group. Thus, unusual to see adults eating food taken from garbage can or defecating in public
Definition of emulate
strive to equal or match, especially by imitating
What happens when we live in community where we frequently observe others being physically active
we are more likely to be active
How does Czech Republic’s role model compare to Canada
- health professionals are not regarded as highly in Czech Republic
What does Steve Fonyo tell us about how we perceive role models?
We expect role models to demonstrate a certain character, apart from their performance “on the playing field”
What was Steve Fonyo’s marathon called
Journey for Lives
What was Terry box’s marathon called
Marathon of Hope
What was the core issue in Elliot Spitzer?
- Core issue seemed to be integrity
- he previously spoke vigrously against fraud and corruption, and made honesty and integrity key features in his campaign for governorship
- his behaviour was illegal, secret, and dishonest– all of which were stark contrast to the public reputation e had cultivated– and thus, his fall from grace
Moral storry in Elliot Spitzer’s case?
“People who live in glass houses shouldn’t throw stones”
What does Lance Armstrong’s case tell us?
- its sad that someone so accomplished, highly regarded, should be revealed as a cheater and a liar
- his accomplishments– athletic and human– are still impressive
- it promts one to think about the prevalence of drug use in sport. Even if “everyone does it” its still wrong if it violates clear policy by the sporting organization
- other high-profile figures have made mistakes w/minimal damage to their rep or careers when they owned up to their behaviour promptly and apologized for it
Where did the concept of opinion leaders come from
1940 w/research on effects of media on voting public
Before opinion leaders concept what theory did politician’s campaign managers believe in
Hypodermic needle theory of communication
What is the hypodermic needle theory of communication
a direct “injection” of the info from me the communicator to you the consumer of the info
What did 1940 research show that contradicted the hypodermic needle theory of communication
- many voters regarded fam members & close personal friends –not mass media– as major influences in decision making process
- mass media filtered thru opinion leaders
What kind of process is communication
2-step process
How does this research change communicators actions
- they don’t have to reach & persuade everyone, just need to identify, reach, and persuade opinion leaders, who will pass msg on to others
4 characteristics common in opinion leaders
- active media user
- interprets content for others
- typically held in high esteem by those that accept their opinions
- tend to be subject specific – i.e., the person or people whose opinions you would respect for selecting university courses are prob not same as those u would ask for advice about buying a phone
3 methods to identify opinion leaders?
- self-designation method
- key informants method
- sociometry
describe the self-designation method
- individuals in the group asked “do u consider yourself to be an opinion leader
- easy to apply to large group
- but transmission of advice doesn’t mean others heed advice
- influence not attribute of person, but process involving 2 or more people
describe the key informants method
- 1st identify limited # of people assumed to be knowledgeable regarding patterns of influence w/in a group
- then ask them to identify the opinion leaders
e. g. Peer leaders & Youth Smoking: Researchers asked students to nominate other students that they consider influential. Then invited nominees to be peer leaders. Leaders could be smokers if the agreed to try to stop smoking. leaders took part in training program about risks of smoking & benefits of not smoking
describe sociometry method
- ask group members who they go for advice
- can plot results as “sociogram” where each circle represents a person & arrows show who each person goes for info/advice
Who are gatekeepers
stand btwn us & our intended audience e.g. if target schools need principals & admin on ur side
- may have 2 communication msgs, one for audience and other for gatekeeper e.g. want to inc physical activity in students, msg to students = activity fun, msg to gatekeeper = activity inc attention span
who are stakeholders
- people or groups w/some of same interests as ours e.g. child oral health campaign might involve dentists showing students how to brush & floss, Colgate company supplying free toothpaste, Canadian Dental Association endorsing campaign
- groups have diff reasons for being involved
what is a focus group
small # of participants that are hopefully representative of the larger population of interests
how are focus groups conducted
- ## group meets for short session led/moderated by researcher or trained professional employed by researcher
Why wouldn’t large focus groups work
group discussion will break down when group gets too large
what are focused groups used for
To sample opinion
who is a partner
one with whom we share
what is a partnership
a relationship involving close cooperation btwn parties having specified and joint rights & responsibilities
are all partnerships equal?
no
Problems with partnerships?
- potential to have msg “hijacked” by partners
- some partnerships may hurt public image
what is a strategic alliance
a relationship btwn 2 or more parties to pursue a set of agreed upon goals or meet a criteria business need while remaining independent organizations
Difference between strategic alliance and joint venture
in a strategic alliance the parties remain independent and in a joint venture the parties form a new entity e.g. new cooperation
what is behaviour
- what people do
- can be observed, measured, and quantified
what is internal states
what people think, believe, or feel
what is the starting point to changing behavior?
starting point is a commitment to change
what often spurs successful change?
significant emotional event (health crisis, death of fam member)
how can behaviour change be supported?
- health promoters can act at the personal lvl in individual or small group counselling/teaching or act at community or societal lvls via “downstream” or “upstream social marketing”
- help create conditions that make change more likely to happen & easier to sustain
what is a model
a perspective, or way of looking at things
how should you look at models talked upon?
complementary rather than competitive (none is inherently better than another)
how does the concept of barriers challenge health promotors?
challenges health promotors to think about why people are NOT doing what it is they say they would like to do, or you would like them to do (barriers btwn intention and action)
what is the accessibility barrier
people more likely to do smtg if it is easy (not same as saying people are lazy)
instead of saying not having enough time, what phrase should be used
- there are more things that I want to do each day than there is time to do them
why is saying we can “make” time wrong
we can’t physically make time, only allocate time, spend time, or take time
if you feel like you don’t have enough time to do the things you want, what should you do?
- re-examine the way you are “spending” time and find places you are “wasting” time
if a barrier is knowledge? what would be a solution
education
barriers often result in gap between knowledge/intent and ___
actual behaviour
results of poster competition suggest health care workers respond best to?
positive msgs that provide a rationale for the behaviour being promoted
perceived barriers to hand washing in the survey were?
- time constraints
- workload issues
- inappropriate glove use
- inadequately stocked hand hygiene stations
factors that facilitate optimal hand hygiene?
- visible support from admin
- provision of additional hand hygiene supplies
- consultation w/health care workers regarding optimal placement of hand hygiene stations
what did the investigators for hand hygiene campaign conclude?
hand hygiene promotion should focus less on individual attitudes & beliefs and more on organizational & environmental factors e.g.
- implementing clear policies & directives
- improving accessibility of hand hygiene products & resources, in consultation w/health care workers
what was the Stages of Change model first developed for
to explain typical progress by which a problem drinker achieves control over his drinking
What does the Stage of Change model suggest about changing behaviour
individuals move thru diff stages as they initiate and maintain the new behaviour. often people remain “stuck” at 1 stage for awhile and/or fall back or go around if view process as cirlce rather than linear
- counselor can help recognize what stage client is at presently & help them move ahead to next stage
6 stages in the Stage of Change model
- Pre-contemplation
- Contemplation
- Determination
- Action
- Maintenance
- Relapse
Client’s situation in each stage of the Stages of Change model?
- Pre-contemplation - not yet considering change
- Contemplation - ambivalence
- Determination - commitment to change
- Action - attempts to change course of action
- Maintenance - has made change but is vulnerable to relapse
- Relapse - reverts back to former lifestyle
Counselor’s role in each stage of the Stages of Change model?
- Pre-contemplation - raise doubt
- Contemplation - tip the balance
- Determination - help client determine best course of action
- Action - help client make the change
- Maintenance - help client identify & use strategies to prevent relapse
- Relapse - help client renew process of contemplation, determination & action instead of becoming stuck
3 elements to Expectations-Consequences Model?
- Expectations
- Freedom
- Consequences
What does the Expectations-Consequences Model posits?
people make rational choices on the basis of their perception of the probability of various outcomes, or consequences. each individual has expectations about what will happen if he/she does a certain thing & our life experience challenges us to progressively revise our expectations
What is insanity
doing same thing over and over & expecting diff results - albert einstein
do expectations represent probabilities or certainties
probabilities
How can u use Expectations-Consequences Model in health promotion?
- Change expectations
- Change consequences
- Change physical environment
Example of “changing expectations”?
Make it that you will get a ticket, suggests possible value of educating people that it IS against the law
Why aren’t statistics useful for persuasion?
- don’t activate moral emotions
- our mind can’t comprehend suffering on such a massive scale
- if you look at the mass, u will never act. if u look at the one, u will
Instead of statistics, what may be more persuasive
storytelling
example of “changing consequences”
enforce the law and/or make the penalties more meaningful e.g. change type of penalty
what does “changing the physical environment” attempt to do
prevent undesired behaviour with “enabling” factors e.g. program longer crossing times
What does it mean that motivation is behaviourally specific
More appropriate to think in terms of an individual’s motivation to excel in a particular job requirement or even to carry out a specific behaviour than it is to think about an individual’s overall motivation
What is the Expectancy Theory of motivation?
help us understand how individuals make decisions regarding various behavioural alternatives
- deals w/the direction aspect of motivation, that is, once behaviour is energized, what behavioural alternatives are individuals likely to pursue
What theory is Julian B. Rotter accredited for laying the groundwork for? What theory did he come up with?
- Expectancy Theory
- Social learning theory
What did social learning theory integrate
learning theory w/personality theory
main idea of Julian Rotter’s social learning theory
personality represents an interaction of the individual w/his or her environment
how does julian rotter think personality and environment is related
one cannot speak of a personality that is internal to individual and independent to environment, neither can one focus on behaviour as being an automatic response to an objective set of environmental stimuli.
how does julian rotter think we can understand behaviour
one must take both individual (i.e. his life history of learning and experiences) and the environment (e.g. those stimuli that the person is aware of and responding to) into account
rotter thinks Behaviour Potential (BP) is a fxn of what?
Expectancy (E) and Reinforcement Value (RV)
Explain BP and E and RV
the likelihood of a person exhibiting a particular behaviour is a fxn of the probability that the behaviour will lead to a given outcome & the desirability of that outcome
- if E and RV both high, then BP high. If either E or RV lis low, then BP will be lower
when deciding among behavioural options, individuals select the option what with?
greatest motivation forces (MF)
motivation force is product of what 3 perceptions
Expectancy x Instrumentality x Valence
What is the “expectancy probability” & what is it based on
- based on perceived effort-performance relationship
- it is the expectancy that one’s effort will lead to the desired performance & is based on experience, self-confidence, & perceived difficulty of performance goal
e. g. if i work harder than everyone else in the plant will i produce more?
What is the “instrumental probability” & what is it based on
- based on perceived performance-reward relationship
- it is the belief that 1 does meet performance expectations, he will receive greater reward
e. g. if i produce more than anyone else in the plant, will i get a raise?
What is “valence”
- the value the individual personally places on reward
- this is a fxn as his needs, goals, & values
e. g. do i want a raise?
What happens when either expectancy or instrumental or valence is 0?
motivation force is then 0
What is expectancy
the belief that one’s effort will result in attainment of desired performance goals
What is expectancy based on?
an individuals:
- past experience
- self-confidence (aka self-efficacy)
- perception of the difficulty of the performance standard or goal
e.g. if i spend most of tonight studying will it improve my grade on tmr’s math exam?
Variables affecting an individual’s expectancy perception?
- self-efficacy
- goal difficulty
- perceived control over performance
What is efficacy
a person’s belief about his ability to perform a particular behaviour successfully
What happens when goals set too high?
- goals that are set too high or performance expectations made too difficult, lead to low expectancy perceptions
- when individuals perceive goals are beyond ability to achieve, motivation low cause low expectancy
describe perceived control over performance
for expectancy to be high, individuals must believe that they have some degree of control over expected outcome
what happens when individuals perceive outcome beyond their ability to influence?
Expectancy, thus motivation, is low
example of how perceived control affects performance
many profit-sharing plans do not motivate individuals to inc their effort cause employees dont think they have direct control over the profits of their large companies
what is instrumentality
belief that if one does meet performance expectations, he will receive greater reward (pay inc, promotion etc.)
What happens to level of instrumentality when it is perceived that value rewards follow all lvls of performance? Example?
- Instrumentality is low
- e.g. if prof known to give everyone A regardless of performance lvl, then instrumentality is low
Variables affecting an individual’s instrumentality perception?
Trust, control, policies
How does trust affect an individual’s instrumentality?
when individuals trust their leaders, they are more likely to believe their promises that good performances will be rewarded
How does control affect an individual’s instrumentality?
- when workers don’t trust leaders, they attempt to control reward system thru contract or other type of control mechanism
- when individuals believe they have some kind of control over how, when, & why rewards are distributed, Instrumentality tends to inc
How does policies affect an individual’s instrumentality?
- the degree to which pay & reward systems are formalized in written policies has an impact on individual’s instrumentality perception
- formalized policies linking rewards to performance tend to inc Instrumentality
What is valance? E.g.?
the value the individual personally places on the rewards
- fxn of his needs, goals, values and sources of motivation
- e.g. how much i really want an “A” in math
Variables affecting the individual’s valance for outcomes?
- values
- needs
- goals
- preferences
- sources of motivation
potential valued outcomes may include?
- pay inc & bonuses
- promotions
- time off
- new & interesting assignments
- recognition
- intrinsic satisfaction from validating one’s skills & abilities
- intrinsic satisfaction from knowing ur efforts helped someone
Expectancy & Instrumentality are attitudes or more specifically they are ____. As such they represent an individual’s ____ of the likelihood that effort will lead to performance & performance will lead to desired outcomes. What do does perceptions represent? What are these perceptions tempered with?
- cognitions
- perception
- represent the individual’s subjective reality, & may or may not bear close resemblance to actual probabilities
- tempered by: individual’s experiences (learning theory); observations of others (social learning theory); self-perceptions
What does TRA stand for
Theory of Reasoned Action
The TRA holds that the antecedent of behaviour is?
Intention
- aka if u intend to do smtg u are more likely to do it than if u DON’T intend to do it or if u intend NOT to do it
Two main influences on intention?
Attitude and subjective norms
What is attitude
a person’s pos or neg feelings about a particular behaviour
How is attitude determined
by the person’s beliefs about the consequences of the particular behaviour & the desirability of these consequences
How does subjective norms and social norms differ
Social norms are behaviours typical of a particular group in a particular setting or circumstances. Subjective norms are a person’s beliefs about how people they care about will view the behaviour in question, AND the person’s motivation to comply w/the wishes of these people they care about
What did the TRA overlook
assumed that there were no limits to people’s freedom to act
What factors limit people’s ability to act on intentions
Time, money, knowledge, skill, habitual patterns of thinking, environmental barriers, or organizational constraints
What factor was added to TRA to create Theory of Planned Behaviour?
perceived behavioural control
What does perceived behavioural control refer to
person’s perceptions of his or her ability to perform a given behaviour
The Theory of Planned Behaviour pay benefit from inc the concept of what?
Implementation intentions
What is implementation intentions
- plans specifying when, where, and how a person will translate intentions into action
- people create very specific plans of action in order to perform a specified behaviour e.g. bring shoes to work so they can go work out during lunch
What does forming an implementation intention force people to do?
Prioritize their goals & commit to following a specific plan of action
benefit of implementation intention
- this process also means that people can personally select the best time to carry out the intended behaviour (being able to choose best time shown to have greatest impact on physical activity)
What is surveillance
finding out about the population of interest
In the womens study how did control differ from experimental group?
experimental had:
- greater self-efficacy
- overcoming walking barriers
- higher perceptions of control
does implementation improve eating behaviour or habits
only eating behaviour does not abolish unhealthy eating habits
4 main reasons to use monitoring/surveillance in health promotion?
- Establish baseline & trend line
- Put issue on public policy agenda
- Learn about your target group
How does incidence and prevalence data help put issue on public policy agenda
help get attention of decision makers like politicians and bureaucrats
How does learning about target group help
produce more effective interventions, using language that ur audience can relate to & msgs that play on values that matter to ur audience
What did Trost et al. say about effective interventions
Interventions are most effective when they alter the underlying variable that influence physical activity. Thus, studying “determinants” or correlates of physical activity is an important prerequisite for designing relevant policies & effective programs
What is a important pre-req for designing relevant policies & effective programs
studying “determinants” or correlates of physical activity
Why is the term “correlates” more correct than “determinants”
- not actually deterministic e.g. being female didn’t guarantee you wouldn’t smoke as 3% of females did
What is generally the intent in labeling as “determinants” the factors associated w/particular health behaviours or health outcomes is to imply what
a casual relationship
How are high blood pressure, overweight, and low levels of P.A. correlated.
High BP and overweight are consequences and determinants of low levels of PA
2 values of knowing correlates (in particular knowing what things are correlated w/PA lvls)
- Identify target groups
2. Identify factors for intervention
Trost’s correlates of leisure time PA? Name 6
- younger age
- male sex
- healthy diet
- non smoker
- past exercise behaviour
- urban location
The CHMS’s intent was to survey a _____ sample of 5,000 respondents aged 6 to 79
nationally representative
What selection was used for the CHMS
random selection
At the sites what vehicle used to survey
Mobile clinics
What kind of measures were used to collect info
direct measures
How was it ensured that the survey was representative of all of Canada
- people can’t volunteer
- only certain households & individuals randomly selected
- max respondent travel distance of 100km w/in each site
2 phases the survey had?
- interview @ the household
2. visit to mobile clinic
What occurred during interview
~ 1 hr long
- Statistics Canada interviewer asked questions about health & lifestyle
What occurred during visit to mobile clinic
~ 2 hrs
- took direct physical measurements based on CPAFLA e.g. anthropomentric measurements, muscular strength, flexibility, muscular endurance, lung fxn
- @ end given waterproof activity monitor (accelerometer) to wear for 1 week & cylindrical device to sample air quality @ home
- blood and urine samples collected to test for diabetes, nutritional health etc.
What advice for survey & measurement methods did CHMS Expert Advisory Committee provide
- CHMS protocols, clinical reference ranges, & variable names should be internationally comparable
Experts agreed that 1 of the more important aspects of the CHMS would be to establish what
Normal ranges for a # of previously unmeasured indicators of Canadians’ health & well-being
According to CHMS, how has fitness lvls of children & youth changed over the years? And in adults?
- declined regardless of age & sex
- declined esp among younger adults
What were NHES I and II and II focused on
NHES I: chronic disease of adults
NHES II & III: growth & development of children
In 1970 a new emphasis on what was introduced
Nutrition
Describe NHANES I
- interview, physical examination & set of clinical measurements & tests on a national sample of ~28,000
Describe NHANES II
- same as NHANES I cept inc infants as young as 6 months
Describe HHANES
- same as previous HANES studies but aimed at getting large sample of 3 largest Hispanic subgroups in U.S. (Mexican Americans, Cuban Americans, & Puerto Ricans)
Describe NHANES III
- cause minority groups have diff health status & characteristics, black Americans & Mexican Americans selected at large population
- infants a young as 2 months & no upper limit for elderly
- infants & younger children & older persons sampled at higher rate
- emphasis on effects of environment upon health
What is a repeated study
study that measure same people each year (or whatever time period)
What is a time series/ continuous design
when diff set of people sampled at each time interval
How is time series design more beneficial than repeated study design
avoids the attrition or dropout that affects the sample in repeated measures designs
How was NSWHS (New South Wales Health Survey):
- how were people chosen
- what method used for survey
- randomly sampled
- telephone survey
What two ways is “sufficient” activity defined
A. Time: Getting at least 150mins of activity per week
B: Time & sessions: Getting at least 150 mins of activity per week & having at least 5 sessions of activity per week
What did the NSWHS say about sufficient activity in terms of sex and age
prevalence of “sufficiently active” higher among males & declined steadily across age categories
What 2 activities if included gave a greater percentage of respondents classifying as sufficiently active
vigorous household chores & vigorous gardening activties
Why do we use surveys
cause we want info
although direct measures of behaviour are best why are they impractical
not technologically possible, too intrusive, too time consuming & or too exp
3 basic modes of survey
- Paper
- Telephone
- Internet
How to inc response rate for surveys?
- if population of interest is large, need relatively small group is good representative
- if pop of interest is small, need large group for good representation
What is the most difficult aspect of questionnaire-based research?
Getting a valid set of respondents to complete ur questionnaire
Regarding Internet surveys, what are the 4 types of people
- those who aren’t connect to networks at all
- those who are connected but not active in a way that will help u
- those who are connected & active but don’t repond to requests for help w/ questionnaires
- those who are connected & active and do respond to such requests
How to get good mailing list of people in target audience?
co-operate w/existing organization that works w/relevant people
How can response rates to mail surveys be increased?
- pre-notifying
- re-mailing of surveys
- reminding
- making question’s interesting
- keep initial q’s short & easy
strictly speaking, response rate should be defined as what?
of interviews obtained/ # of calls made
What is cooperation rate
of interviews obtained / # of interviews + refusals
How does cooperation rate differ from response rate
for cooperation rate if nobody answers phone, call not counted in denominator
why are telephone response rates down
- more people have cell phones than landlines
- people screen their calls w/call-display & call blocking
- more #’s are unlisted
- more single-person households, more meals brought outside the home, people more socially mobile— all of which means unlikely someone home to answer telephone
Telephone interviewers reach people in what 3 ways
- customer lists
- random samples of #’s listed in telephone directory
- random digit dialing
How to inc telephone response rates
- call when people most likely to be there (call businesses during business hours, residents in early evenings or weekends)
- if u call back, call back @ diff time of day
- use longer survey period so can call back #’s that didn’t answer initially
How to make telephone surveys remain viable
research needs to look @ issues of willingness of people to be contacted & the conditions under which they are likely to be available & give their permission to participate
5 factors that make online surveys attractive
- fast
- data come back in electronic form
- cheaper (for large samples)
- survey can be quickly modified
- anonymity dec inhibitions, which may produce more accurate reponses
3 sample types used in Internet surveys?
- Unrestricted
- Screened samples
- Recruited samples
characteristic of unrestricted samples
poor representativeness due to self-selection
characteristic of screened samples
- adjust for unrepresentativeness of self-selected respondents by imposing quotas based on some desired sample characteristics
characteristic of recruited samples
- subjected recruited by telephone, mail, email, or in person. then sent questionnaire by email or site w/link to questionnaire
Bias associated w/ internet surveys
- younger people
- males
- technologically adept people more likely to respond
Rooster et al: how did web survey differ from telephone
- web survey had more item omissions, & produced more neg evaluations
- interview costed more than web survey
- accuracy: simpler predictive equation explained web-based data
if differences are found from using diff instruments or questionnaires what does it imply
important to consistently use same survey for population monitoring purposes
examples of proxy measures
- vigorous PA correlated w/presence of activity supplies at home
What is a priori criteria
decisions before they have collected & looked at the data
describe a common criterion for “sufficiently active”
10,000 steps per day
2 diff criteria for adequately active?
- min of 800 kcal of activity per week
2. 600 MET mins per week
what is MET
metabolic equivalent
what does MET approximate
resting metabolic rate: 3.5 ml of oxygen per kg body mass / mass x min
why is MET.mins method recommended
less likely to underestimate the prevalence of PA in women
4 reasons why health promotion people use outcome measures?
- determine baseline data against which future changes can be compared to show trends (e.g. % of youths who use tobacco)
- show “sponsors” (people who r paying for project) the value of the time & money invested
- determine if intermediate goals have been achieved & thus it is now time for next phase of intervention
- to see if perhaps program hasn’t worked as well as expected & needs to be modified. someones ‘outcome measures’ called ‘success indicators’
when should thoughts about measurement & evaluation occur? purpose of evaluation?
- early & continuously thruout campaign
- not to prove or disprove ur effort, but to improve it
What were the outcome measures used in 10,000 Steps Rockhampton
1) awareness of project
2) self-reported physical activity
Possible outcome measure for Hasting Street speed limit change
ICBC or Vancouver Police statisitcs on pedestrians stuck in this stretch of road
Campaign promoting healthy eating w/goal of reducing people’s BP… why isn’t BP of representative sample of opo a good outcome measure. Other ways to ask? Why are these ways still less than ideal
Data are indirect measures, if lower BP may be due to other factor.
- recall of campaign
- recognition of campaign
- in what way have u changed ur behaviour as a result of campaign
- how many servings of __ do u eat in avg day
- still indirect measures. What people SAY they do may not accurately reflect what they REALLY do
- direct measure better: measure purchases of snack food from vending machines or sales of fresh veggies from store in area of campaign
What elements to include in Quality of Life Index?
- Public safety: measured as “assaults reported per 100,000 people”
- Access to healthcare: quantified as “distance to nearest hospital emergency department”
