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Activity Monitors Flashcards

1
Q

Purpose of portable electronic heart rate meters?

A

Used to infer metabolic activity in free-living (vs. laboratory) subjects

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2
Q

Fxn of pedometers

A

Count steps

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3
Q

Where are pedometers worn

A

At hip or ankle

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4
Q

Science behind pedometer

A
  • low cost pedometers use simple mechanical switch
  • when limb movement causes large enough perturbation of the monitor the switch closes momentarily and pedometer registers a step
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5
Q

What are accelerometers

A
  • piezoelectric crystals that have property of producing tiny voltage proportional to amount of strain on crystal
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6
Q

3 things heart rate meters can measure?

A
  • intensity of action
  • metabolic rate
  • caloric expenditure
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7
Q

Characteristics of heart rate meters

A

small, light, minimally intrusive

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8
Q

heart rate is a valid and reliable indicator for what in most cases?

A

exercise intensity

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9
Q

What is reliability

A

Similar value obtained on repeat measures under similar conditions

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10
Q

4 situations in which heart rate does not accurately reflect exercise intensity

A
  1. Arm work: HR overestimates intensity
  2. Prolonged exercise: HR drifts upward
  3. Medications: May limit HR increase
  4. Horizontal: HR lower for a given intensity compared w/upright posture
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11
Q

3 subjects written about activity monitor discussed in textbook

A
  • accuracy of monitors (special consideration is the quantification of activity among children and youth)
  • use of activity monitors to see if an “intervention” makes people more active
  • does giving people a pedometer result in an increase in their activity level
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12
Q

When is inaccuracy of pedometers the greatest

A

at lower walking speeds or very fast walking/running

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13
Q

4 steps to ensure pedometer counts steps accurately

A
  1. attach device at waistline, directly above kneecap
  2. don’t attach pedometer to loose garments like dresses
  3. regularly check pedometer while ur walking to make sure doesnt shift out of position
  4. unless otherwise instructed, wear pedometer in 1upright position
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14
Q

Accuracy of pedometers varies with what factors

A

One’s walking speed, stride length, & force w/which one’s feet strikes the ground

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15
Q

What pre check can be done to check accuracy of pedometer?

A

clip to waist or belt & check accuracy by counting ur steps as u walk ur normal walk, then compare steps w/what pedometer indicates

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16
Q

Describe the sensitivity vs. specificity dilemma with pedometers

A
  • how large a movement should be counted as a step?
  • if sensitivity too low, some real steps overlooked
  • if specificity too low, minor movements that aren’t “real” steps will be counted
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17
Q

Advantages of using pedometer to assess daily or weekly activity patterns as a whole

A
  • cheap
  • objective
  • does not interfere w/daily activities & is thus appropriate to use in population studies
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18
Q

advantage of commercial accelerometer with time-sampling mechanism

A

could be used to provide a picture of the pattern of children’s activity

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19
Q

if wanting to use pedometers to motivate people to become more active, what aspect is more important and less important?

A
  • accuracy doesn’t matter

- reliability matters

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20
Q

Example of indirect calorimetry

A

measurement of oxygen consumption

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21
Q

Main finding of Couter et al. (2003) for pedometer study?

A

pedometers most accurate for counting steps, less accurate for assessing distance, and even less accurate for assessing kcal

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22
Q

Main finding of Melanson et al. (2004) for pedometer study?

A

even at very slow speed of 1.0 mph, accuracy of piezoelectric pedometer while not good, was better than spring-levered pedometers

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23
Q

Main findings of Crouter, Schneider & Basset for pedometer study?

A
  • in overweight and obese individuals, piezoelectric pedometer more accurate than spring-levered pedometer esp at slower walking speeds
  • pedometer tilt (more than waist circumference and BMI) most important factor influencing accuracy of spring-levered pedometer
  • piezoelectric pedometer not affected by pedometer tilt, waist circumference, or BMI
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24
Q

For Craig, Cameron, and Cragg study, avg # of steps reported was…

A
  1. less than that recommended to maintain healthy body mass
  2. Higher among males
  3. Higher in the West
  4. Higher among those said they participate in organized PA and sport
  5. Lower among those who said they prefer quiet activities
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25
Q

During Bruner et al. (2006) study involving youth, what did the results show

A
  • inc in activity from oct to dec
  • steady decline in each of the 3 subsequent periods
  • greatest dec from feb to april
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26
Q

Why are children less likely to make accurate self-report assessment than adults

A

developmental differences, esp in ability to think abstractly and perform detailed recall

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27
Q

McMurray’s study on MVPA for adolescence showed what

A

3 day recall period too long for accurate recall of MVPA info
- for both genders survey overestimates activity lvls

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28
Q

Problems with using heart rate telemetry to give estimates of daily activity in children

A
  • heart rate indirect estimate of PA and makes assumptions based on linear relationship btwn heart rate & oxygen uptake
  • heart rate sensitive to emotional stress, body position, takes longer to reach resting lvls after physical exertion compared w/o2 uptake
  • lags behind movement (bad cause children’s PA sporadic in nature)
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29
Q

What characteristics must instrument posses to accurate assess children’s activity patterns

A
  • must be sensitive enough to detect, code, or record sporadic & intermittent activity
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30
Q

Out of heart rate monitoring, pedometry, triaxial accelerometry, and uniaxial accelerometry, which was the best measure for estimating oxygen consumption during typical Welsh children’s activities

A

triaxial accelerometry

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31
Q

Beets, Patton, & Edwards study accuracy of pedometers during self-paced walking and treadmill walking in children showed what

A

same pedometer inaccuracy at slower walking speeds as has been observed in adults
- time might be used in addition to steps to quantify the PA behaviour of children

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32
Q

Suggestions to improve assessments of PA in children with monitors?

A
  • focus assessments on key times or places that allow children to be active
  • monitoring of entire groups for discrete periods of time useful to understand variability in activity patterns since children would all be exposed to same stimulus or opportunity to be active
  • proxy measures useful (e.g. time spent outside strongly predictive of activity in children)
  • employ multiple measures of PA to provide more complete description of children’s activity & permit a triangulation of outcomes
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33
Q

How many steps did people take in a typical day in Tudor-Locke et al. study?

A

~10,000 +/ 3000

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34
Q

According to Tudor-Locke et al. study, when is the best time during the year to sample if want to collect data that is representative of the whole year?

A

Spring or fall, not summer

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35
Q

Speck & Looney study on whether minimal intervention (daily records of physical activity) increases activity levels in a community sample of working women demonstrated what

A

Intervention group recorded significantly more steps than contorl group

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36
Q

Talbot et al showed what

A

Home-based pedometer-driven walking program w/arthritis self-management education inc PA, strength, fxn of group compared to arthritis self-management education group alone

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37
Q

Rooney et al. (2003) study on female employees showcased setting daily step goals, keeping a log of steps walked, and wearing the pedometer all the time were the indicators most likely to predict significant improvement in levels of ___?

A

awareness & amount of PA, self-efficacy, & other physical improvements

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38
Q

In Croteau (2004) study on college employees, who experienced the greatest increase in steps

A

participants who averaged fewer than 6,000 steps & obese participants

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39
Q

Roemmich, Gurgol and Epstein (2004) used what to motivate PA? Results?

A
  • TV access when accumulated PA counts

- intervention group had increased PA activity

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40
Q

Chan, Ryan, and Turdor-Locke (2004) study of effects of pedometer-based activity intervention showed?

A
  • on avg, participants experienced significant dec in BMI, waist girth, & resting heart rate
  • reduction in waist girth & heart rate were significantly related to inc in steps per day
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41
Q

Stewart et al (2004) study showed what results

A

Take 10! program effective in providing moderate-to-vigorous intensity PA

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42
Q

Ball et al. (2004) study showed what

A

print-plus-telephone group maintained higher lvls of global reported activity & walking than those in print group

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43
Q

What does communication facilitate

A

understanding

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44
Q

What is communication

A

a way to share info, to establish rapport, to emphasize

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45
Q

how do humans communicate

A
  • with sophisticated verbal and symbolic (e.g. mathematical, computer) languages
  • give & receive subtle and rich non-verbal msgs
  • person on receiving end gives verbal and non-verbal signals
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46
Q

What comprises active listening

A
  • with sophisticated verbal and symbolic (e.g. mathematical, computer) languages
  • give & receive subtle and rich non-verbal msgs
  • person on receiving end gives verbal and non-verbal signals
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47
Q

3 reasons why beginnings are important

A
  1. They set the tone
  2. They are an opportunity to establish rapport, thru display of genuineness, empathy, & warmth
  3. They are a time to clarify expectations
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48
Q

4 open-ended questions counselors use that are effective

A
  1. Why do you think that is?
  2. What do you think might help?
  3. Has this ever happened before?
  4. What did you do about it then?
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49
Q

What are closed-ended questions

A

Those that can be answered briefly, usually with a single word like yes or no
- tend to stifle rather than encourage dialogue

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50
Q

why ask open ended questions instead of closed ended

A

to elicit lengthier answers

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51
Q

what to do when client wandered off topic or repeating herself

A

refocus session

- “ok im getting good picture of how u spend ur weekends, how do u spend ur weekdays?”

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52
Q

what type of body language should you display when talking to client

A
  • position urself close enough to client to be able to be converse in a normal voice (1-2 meters) while not invading personal space
  • position urself so your eyes are at the same level of clients
  • rest arms on legs or arm of chair, rest feet on floor
  • make eye contact but don’t stare
  • turn body so generally faces client
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53
Q

in a good counselling session, how much talking does counsellor do

A

20%

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54
Q

4 skills of active listening, example of each

A
  1. Bridging - use of little words like “yes, go on, I see”
    - signal to speaker ur listening
  2. Restating - repeating last word or few words of client
    - “often i plan to run after work but i’m too tired. i’m usuall so organized idk whats wrong.” “counsellor: what’s wrong..?”
  3. Paraphrasing - summarizing in own words what u heard
    - ensure u understand what client thinking n feeling
    - “it sounds as tho u r looking forward to brothers visit but concerned itll interfere w/ur workout sessions”
  4. Asking for clarification - when ur not sure u’ve understood client
    - “could you elaborate on that”
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55
Q

what is reactance

A
  • counsellor wants to avoid causing client to “react”
  • reactance presents in negative cognition like “I hate you”
  • the reacting person perceives a threat to their freedom & respond by becoming defensive and stubborn
  • reactance causes person to do more of the behaviour u r trying to get them to stop
  • more likely in response to explicit, threatening language, or dogmatic, authoritarian, or domineering tone
  • subject w/high reactance scores more prone to rxn than others
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56
Q

1st step when working w/new person or group is to? next steps?

A
  1. establish rapport
    - explore issues
    - mobilize his/their resources
    - develop self-efficacy
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57
Q

how does a group leader change over time in a group that starts to mature

A
  • initially directive, as group develops confidence & self-efficacy and matures, an effective leader will back off and give inc responsibiity n autonomy to group
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58
Q

Characteristics of teaching

A
  • plan but be flexible
  • have a standard format, but use variety
  • plan the session in 20-min ‘chunks’. learning falls off dramatically as attention span wanes
  • keep it simple
  • more is not better
  • first demonstrate, & then explain
  • if the msg is complex, give it in writing
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59
Q

goal of counsellor?

A

support change

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60
Q

what should a counsellor do

A
  • help client frame the problem “Why are u here? What would u like to happen?”
  • help client explore the issue “what have u tried in the past”
  • try to build self-efficacy
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61
Q

Process of active listening with client and counsellor

A
  1. Develop rapport w/client
  2. Create a comfortable environment
  3. Establish a helping relationship
  4. Structure ur sessions
  5. Help client develop alternatives in pursuit of active living
  6. Gather data about: clients lifestyle, activity preferences, activity levels, goals/aspirations, physical conditions
  7. Engage in mutual problem solving
  8. Determine realistic goals
  9. Make appropriate changes
  10. Recognize limits to ur expertise, & refer as indicated to qualified specialists for issues such as: mental health, substance abuse, eating disorders, family/martial issues, medical conditions
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62
Q

What is empathy

A

the capacity for participation in another’s feelings or ideas

63
Q

What is sympathy

A

the act or capacity of entering into or sharing the feelings or interests of another OR affinity, association, or relationship btwn persons or things wherein whatever affects one similarly affects the other

64
Q

Should counsellors empathize or sympathize

A

empathize

65
Q

why is sympathy not appropriate for a counsellor

A

counsellor and client relationship is a working one not a personal one

66
Q

6 communication errors?

A
  1. Let ur mind wander
  2. Give advice w/out listening
  3. Be insincere or condescending
  4. Use inappropriate behaviour
  5. Appear inattentive; be conscious of the signals u r sending w/ur body language
  6. Be insensitive to clients concerns or judge their behaviour
67
Q

6 ways to deal with difficult situations

A
  1. Intervene early
  2. Choose the right time & place
  3. Explain what the problem is & why it is a problem
  4. Invite suggestion re how it can be solved
  5. Agree on a solution
  6. Follow up
68
Q

How has human interaction occurrence

A
  • used to occur in physical space to virtual space
69
Q

what is physical space

A

some place which has a certain size, shape, colour, temp, lighting lvl, furnishing etc.

70
Q

what is virtual space

A

over the internet

71
Q

why is it inappropriate for counsellor to wear sunglasses if not coaching on sunny field

A

client cant see ur eyes & nonverbal info they convey

72
Q

What is the “zone” people have

A

1 meter diameter around them that they perceive as “my space”

73
Q

The Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology lists what 4 diff counselling styles

A
  1. Preacher
  2. Director
  3. Educator
  4. Consultant
74
Q

Who is a preacher

A
  • urges client adopt healthy lifestyle
  • tells client what to do, but not much about how to do it
  • motivates people (maybe thru guilt) but imposes value judgments & prevents dialogue
75
Q

Who is a director

A
  • tells client what to do
  • provides guidance & structure
  • most appropriate at action stage
  • most clients resent being told what to do
  • under-uses client herself as a resource
76
Q

Who is an educator

A
  • delivers info in an objective, nonjudgmental & nondirective way
  • efficient at covering lot of material in given time period
  • reassuring for people familiar w/this style (students)
  • intimidates other clients
  • prevents dialogue
  • info alone has disappointingly small effect on altering behaviour
77
Q

Who is a counsellor

A
  • works w/client & involves them actively
  • helps clients to have insight, consider alternatives, & make choices
  • promotes dialogue
  • accesses client’s resources
  • supports self-efficacy
  • this style takes time & skill
  • some people want info or direction best facilitated by other counselling styles
78
Q

Which counselling approach(es) is most useful

A
  • combined approach
  • use diff styles in diff situations, depending for example on particular setting, client, stage of change & goals for that counselling session
79
Q

Why is “measurement” better than “test”

A

test implies a judgement

80
Q

When reading results of a test, what should u start off with first

A

start w/items scored well on and conclude w/weakest area

81
Q

Traditional health education is strong on what “three M’s”

A
  1. Market ; identifying a target market or audience
  2. Message ; tailoring messages to suit the values, attitudes, & language of that market
  3. Media ; using media (t.v., radio etc.) to deliver msg to target market
82
Q

Lawrence W. Green asserts the traditional approach to health education isn’t wrong but ____ and ___

A
  • too narrow and limited
83
Q

Lawrence Green’s health education definition

A
  • health education is a process which bridges the gap btwn health info and health practices. health education motivates the person to take the info & do smtg w/it – to keep himself healthier by avoiding actions that are harmful & forming habits that are beneficial
84
Q

What is Green’s health education definition similar to

A

health motivation

85
Q

Green’s health educational planning process called?

A

PRECEDE-PROCEED

86
Q

What are Green’s 5 fallacies

A
  1. Empty vessel (container)
  2. Some methods inherently better
  3. More is better
  4. Technology is the solution
  5. Teacher motivates the student
87
Q

What is and why is the empty vessel false

A
  • this fallacy states that students know nothing, they wait eagerly to have their minds filled w/knowledge. ‘expert’ casts ‘his pearls of wisdom’ for students to gobble up
  • by young adulthood, students know a lot and start semester w/lots of related knowledge and lifetime experience, attitudes, beliefs, & values. not starting from “ground zero”
88
Q

Why are ‘some methods are inherently better’ false

A
  • nothing inherently superior about any one method
  • method should be viewed as a tool, and should be appropriately applied. most effective teacher will be those w/biggest tool kit, the sensitivity to understand their audience, & the wisdom to use the best tool for the job at hand
89
Q

Why is more is better false

A
  • the amt of learning not related to amt of material presented, but to the degree of active involvement of the listener. passive participation is less effective
90
Q

Why is technology is the sln false

A
  • new things tend to arouse curiosity and interest, but high-tech can be useless too e.g. clickers if q’s posed too hard for group. low-tech like blackboards can also work very well
  • use appropriate tech and a process that engages the learner
91
Q

Why is the teacher motivates the student false

A
  • u cannot motivate someone, motivation isn’t smtg u can give to someone
  • u can only help his or her own motivational processes to influence behaviour
92
Q

Lebanese poet Kahil Gibran views the teacher is a ___ rather than as expert

A

guide

93
Q

Markets can be populations of what three things

A
  1. Individuals
  2. Groups
  3. Organizations
94
Q

What is market segmentation

A

The division of the total market into relatively homogeneous but distinct segments

95
Q

Purpose of market segmentation

A

used to identify target audiences & strengthen a campaign’s effectiveness in reaching selected segments. segments usually respond to campaigns elements differently & diff techniques required to reach & motivate various segments

96
Q

3 ways to segment a population are

A
  1. Geographically: by location
  2. Demographically: by socio-economic group, characterized by age, income, sex etc.
  3. Psychographically: by such things such as attitudes, values, lifestyles, & opinions
97
Q

Ling et at. grouped vietnamese-american youth into what four psychographic segments

A
  1. Risk seekers
  2. Stressed pessimists
  3. Optimistic achievers
  4. Sedentary well-behaved
98
Q

Ling et at. study results

A
  • attitudes towards tobacco use, secondhand smoke, smoke-free policies different btwn 4 groups. Implication was that tobacco control msgs should address these diff attitudes
99
Q

Commonly used tool in segmenting a market for social marketing is what model

A

Stages of Change Model

100
Q

Stages of Change Model explains what

A
  • explains the psychological process individuals experience as their behaviour changes
  • this model tends to divide population into segments w/common knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, & behaviours relative to issue at hand
101
Q

What are the 6 stages in Stages of Change Model and a bit of each

A
  1. Pre-contemplation; no intention to change behaviour. in denial or uninformed of the need to change
  2. Contemplation; acknowledge problem & beginning to think about changes
  3. Preparation; plan to take action w/in next month & make adjustments b4 behaviour change
  4. Action; modify behaviour & surrondings to facilitate change
  5. Maintenance; work to consolidate the gains attained during action phase, struggle to prevent lapses and relapse
  6. Termination; new behaviour is fully adopted
102
Q

In 2005 health canada conducted survey on ___ and ___ related to healthy eating, physical activity, and sport participation in preparation for a campaign on Healthy Living

A
  • attitudes & behaviours
103
Q

Health canada’s research was a psychographic analysis which segmented market based on what 4 things

A
  1. Current behaviour
  2. Perceptions of the benefits of healthy eating & PA
  3. Need for info on healthy living subjects
  4. Current actions/intentions to improve their families health
104
Q

Health canada’s research study gave four diff segments, w/diff lvls of commitment to healthy living & w/diff info needs

A
  1. Gold medalists, low info needs, highest commitment to healthy living
  2. Status Quo - moderate info needs, high commitment to healthy living
  3. Info seekers - higher info needs, high commitment to healthy living
  4. Skeptics - moderate info needs, lowest commitment to healthy living
105
Q

Which 2 groups did Health Canada select as target audiences ? Why

A

Status Quo and Info Seekers

- they were in position to make improvements & were responsive to change

106
Q

Really Me! psychographic analysis segmented groups based on their views regarding…

A
  1. Work ethic
  2. Family value
  3. Current drug use behaviour
  4. Tendency to follow others
  5. Their futures
107
Q

What 7 lifestyle groups did Really Me! use

A
  1. TGIF; less ambitious & disciplined. substance use/abuse tends to be part of TGIF lifestyle
  2. Tomorrow’s Leaders; ambitious, leaders not followers. optimistic about future. tend to be against smoking
  3. Quiet conformers. strong work ethic and social conscious. follow rather than lead. against smoking and other substance abuse
  4. Concerned Moralists; very traditional attitudes towards family, sexuality etc. follow rather than lead. need the support and approval of others
  5. Passive Luddites; more tolerant of, if not involved in, substance use/abuse. some degree of independence, but concerned about how one seen by others
  6. Small Town; traditionalists. traditional attitudes and beliefs. ambitious, self-confident, anti-substance use/abuse
  7. Big City Independents; independent. not easily influenced. “loners” more than team player. Wide range of substance-use behaviours
108
Q

Analysis of youth identified what 3 psychographic groups based on drug use attitudes n behaviour, particularly use of marijuana

A
  1. Active - larger percentage of older youth. willing to experiment w/drugs. highest proportion of friends that use drugs
  2. Contemplators - equally split btwn younger n older teens. some use marijuana, but infrequently. least likely to be leaders
  3. Inactive - least likely to have tried marijuana. believe drug use is dangerous. majority prefer not to be w/those that use drugs.
109
Q

What is target marketing

A

the selection n concentration of marketing resources on one or more market segments (often more than 1 target audiences selected, audiences then divided into primary n secondary target audiences)

110
Q

what is TARPARE

A

A model that can help to analyze market segments w/a view to choosing target audiences where the greatest impact is likely to occur

111
Q

Define all letters of TARPARE

A

T (total # of people in segment) - segments encompassing larger groups of individuals more attractive
AR (At Risk) - segments at higher lvls of risk should be given priority
P (Persuadability) - a segment that is easily persuaded to change should be given a higher priority, as it will take fewer resources to establish a behaviour change
A (Accessibility) target audiences that are easier to reach w/messages are more attractive as less work n fewer resources needed to make an impact
R (Resources required) - the fewer the resources required, to meet the needs of the target market, teh greater expected return on investment
E (Equity) - the need to target specific disadvantaged segments

112
Q

Why were women aged 25-39 chosen as primary target audience for Eat Well. Have Fun. You can prevent type 2 diabetes campaign

A
  • they were accessible n often made decisions that contributed to the health of their children, spouses (men, at higher risk) n parents (elderly, at higher risk) thus disseminating msgs to all intended targets
113
Q

Who were the secondary target audience for Eat Well. Have Fun. You can prevent type 2 diabetes campaign

A

men aged 23-39

114
Q

Why were men secondary target compared to women even tho they have lower awareness lvls of diabetes n worse eating habits than women

A

least accessible target audience

115
Q

How did ParticipAction levered support

A

personally visited media outlets to explain their cause (won over media people w/cute, clever, n original advertising material)

116
Q

Analysis of target audience helps social marketers understand what 4 things

A
  1. Current behaviour, knowledge, attitudes n values of target audience
  2. Barriers that discourage target audiences from adopting the desire behaviour
  3. Knowledge gaps T
  4. The appeal of competing behaviours
117
Q

Health Canada Vitality campaign chose their target audience adults aged 25-44 with 9-13 years of education why

A

they were at increased risk of developing cancer, heart disease n diabetes, yet existing public awareness n prevention programs had not been successful in changing their behaviour

118
Q

Health Canada Vitality campaign chose their target audience adults aged 25-44. Why were they not responsive to msgs on weight loss

A

these programs had rarely been successful in creating long term change n often left individuals feeling discouraged

119
Q

Health Canada Vitality campaign chose their target audience adults aged 25-44. What was their major obstacle to eating nutritiously n engaging in regular physical activity

A

lack of time

120
Q

Health Canada Vitality campaign chose their target audience adults aged 25-44. Based on research, the program integrated what aspects

A

healthy eating, PA, n pos body image. a pos msg used to motivate individuals to act on knowledge they already have

  • campaign worked to incorporate values of target audience n showed moments of daily life when adults forgot about their concerns, n spent time in company of their children n friends
121
Q

What is social marketing

A

adaption of commercial marketing techniques to achieve social goals

122
Q

5 common social marketing techinqiues

A
  1. Market segmentation
  2. Target marketing
  3. Consumer research
  4. Mass media
  5. Tracking of results, i.e. ‘outcome measures’
123
Q

rather than trying to sell product or service, social marketing tries to ____

A

achieve certain social goals

124
Q

Health canada’s view of social marketing

A

“social marketing combines the best elements of the traditional approaches to social change in an integrated planning n action framework, n utilizes advances in communication tech n marketing skills. it uses marketing techniques to generate discussion n promote info, attitudes, values, n behaviours. by doing so, it helps to create a climate conducive to social n behavioural change”

125
Q

Wagnam stated social marketing can only be used effectively when (4)…

A
  1. We r aware of beliefs n values of target audience
  2. new behaviour is accessible to target audience
  3. msg promoted repeated using variety of formats
  4. appropriate method of evaluation used to measure behavioural change
126
Q

Boslaugh said goal of audienc segmentation is…

A

to identify population subgroups that are homogeneous w/respect to certain variables associated w/a given outcome or behaviour. when such groups identified and understood TARGETED INTERVENTION STRATEGIES can be developed to address their unique characteristics n needs

127
Q

When Boslaugh applied diff segmentation approaches he conlcuded that

A

simple segmentation strategies such as those replying on demographic variables alone provide little improvement over no segmentation at all. audience segmentation appears to yield more homogeneous subgroups when psychosocial n health status factors r combined w/demographic variables

128
Q

5 key elements of tobacco control

A
  1. clinical intervention n management
  2. educational strategies
  3. regulatory efforts
  4. economic approaches
  5. combo of all these into comprehensive programs that address multiple facets of the environment simultaneously
129
Q

Mercer et al. implies lessons learned from tobacco control can be applied to current ____ epidemic

A

global obesity epidemic

130
Q

Target of Condomania

A

heterosexual women aged 19-30 who were based w/in popular culture of Vancouver

131
Q

main msg of condomania

A

condoms were fun/make condoms more acceptable

132
Q

Program evaluation of Condomania was?

A

Pre n post-test telephone surveys of target group, plus series of in-depth interviews held w/bar patrons

133
Q

How is HIV spread in the Lao PDR

A

related to the proliferation of road networks n construction site thruout Laos

134
Q

Where does Vietnam distribute condoms

A

Traditional (pharmacy) and nontraditional (coffee shop) stores

135
Q

Social marketing programs can act as a bridge between _____

A

public n private sectors

136
Q

What did How Do You Know What You Know challenge

A

provocatively challenged common assumptions some men make about their risk of transmitting or contracting HIV when engaging in anal intercourse without condoms with men whose HIV status they dont know for certain

137
Q

How Do You Know What You Know campaign depicted what kind of messages

A
  • ‘inner voice’ assumptions men might make in casual sexual encounter
138
Q

Condomania and How Do You Know What You Know campaign are examples of upstream or downstream marketing

A

Downstream

139
Q

What is downstream marketing

A

msg intended to flow down from health promotion agency to target of behavioural change

140
Q

what is upstream marketing

A

health promotion organization directs msg up to industry or gov
- intent is to get these decision makers to change the political, social, legal, physical, or public policy environment around behaviour in question

141
Q

When is upstream marketing useful

A

when significant environmental barriers exist that make it difficult to change at individual lvl

142
Q

example of upstream marketing

A

Mothers Against Drunk Driving, Heather

143
Q

What is a strategy

A
  • big-picture plan for how u will achieve the objective
  • means “a global plan to reach a long-term goal”
  • comes from Greek word that means army leadership
144
Q

What are tactics

A

the specific steps taken to implement the strategy

  • means “a short-term plan or behaviour”
  • comes from Greek word that means science of arrangement
145
Q

both strategy n tactics come from where

A

military planning

146
Q

Peter Drucker quote on strategy n tactics

A

strategy is doing the right things, tactics is doing things right

147
Q

What is validity

A

How well it measures what is it supposed to measure

148
Q

What is accuracy

A

How close the measured value is to the true value

149
Q

What is reliability

A

How repeatable is the measurement

150
Q

What is sensitivity

A

How a small change can be detected

151
Q

Why is pedometers good for weight loss

A

Can set a behavioural goal (rather than a weight goal, which changes more slowly)

152
Q

Main msg in Activity Monitor Chapter

A

In a lot of these interventions, behaviour relapses after the fact

153
Q

Strategies to estimate child activity levels

A
  1. Reports by ‘key informants’, e.g. parents, teachers (self-reports in children less accurate than in adults)
  2. Focus assessments on key times & places that allow children to be active, e.g., after school
  3. Use proxy measures: time spent outdoors, involvement in community sports programs, etc…
  4. Employ multiple measures of activity (e.g., self-reports, HR, pedometry) and triangulate

health (7 decks)

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