Children Flashcards
What are some child and youth health behaviours
- brushing teeth
- washing hands
What is personality
largely influenced by “nature” vs. “nurture” – i.e. ur born w/personality n personality remains relatively stable thruout life
What is values
- e.g. honesty, trust, respect
- acquired early in life
- fundamental part of who u are as a person
What are behaviours
- more complex n nuanced
- beliefs, attitudes, knowledge, expectations of probable consequences, n current emotional state all influence what we do in a particular situation
What age does early childhood end
8 or age 5 when they start school
Who has more influence over child in early childhood stage
mother
What behaviours do children show during early childhood
- tend to be egocentric (the world revolves around me
- have trouble seeing things from another person’s POV
- more concerned about how things affect themselves (might expect playmate to share his toys, but at same time be resistant to sharing a fav toy of their own)
When does middle childhood last until
- ~ age 12 or around age of puberty, when sex glands become fxnal
During middle childhood what values do they learn
values of their societies
During middle childhood what is the primary developmental task
Integration: development w/in the individual n development of the individual w/in the social context
During middle childhood who are children strongly influenced by
- have a growing peer orientation, yet r strongly influenced by fam
What view does Harris argue in “The Nuture Assumption”
that children identify w/their classmates rather than parents, modify their behaviour to fit w/peer group, n this ultimately helps to form the character of the individual
When is adolescence
period btwn beginning of puberty and adulthood (about the end of HS)
What occurs during adolescence
- individuals evovle their own self-concepts w/in peer context
- often rely on peer group for direction regarding what is normal n accepted
- teens pull away from reliance on fam as a source of identity
- conflicts between fam n growing peer-group affiliation
- face choices regarding substance use n sexual behaviour
- more mobility (allowed to walk or bus on their own n eventually drive cars) and purchasing power ($ from part-time job; mobility n $ extend their range of choices n arguably weaken the influence of their fam
What occurs during adolescence in western society
- time of experimentation, testing, trying on diff “personae” n rebelling against authority
During adolescence what is “individuating n separating”
the young person breaks away from his parents n forms an identity as an individual
- predictable that taste in fashion n music heavily influenced by peers
- belonging n fitting in r powerful motivators to teens
3 major influences on children’s health
- Adults (Parents, other adults)
- Peers
- Social institutions (schools, religion, amateur sports, other social institutions)
- Media
What 5 forms do parental influence on children take
- Childrearing style
- Role modeling
- Establishing, training, & enforcing behaviour
- Supporting activity, e.g. taking kids to park
- Setting limits on amount of sedentary time
highest lvl of child health practices found in fams that ____
give children high degree of autonomy n use reasoning instead of punishment for discipline
Punishment (e.g. spanking) can lead to?
Dec self-esteem
Threats n bribe ___ correlated with healthy eating
neg
preschoolers r more independent in health behaviours if their moms are ___
warm n nurturing
in fams where lots of conflict, children tend to have ___. Why
poorer health behaviours
- more nrg spent on conflict instead of teaching independence
in Euro-American groups, _____ is the most effective technique for socializing children’s health behaviour
modeling of health behaviour
strong et al. recommends a max of ___ hrs per day of sedentary activities
2 hours
tips on how parents can help children learn about character
- set good example
- set high standards n clear expectations appropriate to the age n developmental stage of child
- coach
- use literature; ask q’s to guide discussions about stories e.g. who were the heroes? how did the people in the story act?
who are some other adults that influence children
- coaches, special teachers, family doctors
how can doctors influence childrens PA
use “annual checkups” as opportunity to raise other health issues
educating adults n older siblings has a ___ effect
trickle-down
not much research on impact of peers on young children’s health attitudes n behaviours except
with adolescent anti-social behaviours like substance abuse n sexuality… “one of the major ways in which rejected children maintain at risk behaviour
how do parents have an effect on extent of peer pressure
- Parenting style: children of authoritative parents less vulnerable to peer influence
- Parents’ expectations of their children: e.g. if parents expect children to come home after school (vs. e.g. hanging out at the mall) this dec exposure to peer influences
- Parents’ choice of neighbourhood, day care, n preschool all affect the pool of potential peers for their children
What are peers n why olding siblings not really peers
“people like us”
- peers for children usually means other children of the same age
- we choose our peers while we can’t choose our siblings
why r older siblings more like our peers than adults
- can provide info on subjects that may b too embarrassing to raise w/parents
why r schools important
- cause of their inclusivity
- the young ages at which children begin school
successful school programs have what characteristics
- emphasize skill changes as well as knowledge change
- focus on multiple aspects of children’s environment (i.e. cafeteria, home, snacks)
- train the intervention provider
what are school programs most effective in, less effective in, and least effective in
most - in changing knowledge
less - changing health attitudes
least - modifying health behaviour
school should offer what 4 things
- quality, daily P.E.
- Recess for unstructured play
- Extracurricular programs
- Appropriate classroom health education
under the canadian constitution, the ___ governments are responsible for all levels of eduction
provincial
how does the federal gov’t provide indirect support for post-secondary education
thru fiscal transfers to the provinces n by funding uni research n student assistance
school attendance is compulsory in canada from age of 6/7 to 15/16 except in
quebec
how is quebec’s education system unique
- students grad of HS at age 16 in gr 11
- then can complete 2/3 yr programme of study at public or private Cegep
- then eligible for uni (3 yr undergrad program)
___ departments specify GS grad requirements
provincial
individual HS mark their own ___
examinations
education in canada consists of what two public systems
public n separate
what does the separate system provide for
tax-supported religious denominational schools that r primarily Roman Catholic
what are private/independent schools that exist in every province
schools that operate outside the public-tax supported systems
characteristics of private schools
- established on basis of religion, language, social or academic status
- subject to curriculum n standards set by each province n invariably meet or exceed standards
- have entry requirements
What r the provincial requirements for PE in BC
K to 10
Does religion play a larger role in Americans or Canadians
Americans
Examples of other social institutions
Boy Scouts
effects of media on children n youth has been studied with respect to what things
- Food
- Body image
- Body weight
- Sexual behaviour
- Substance use
why are children more liking to be overweight if they spent 2 or more hrs a day in a room with a TV on
- absence of exercise (tv viewing is sedentary)
- tv commercials (children’s TV commercials about junk food n food is most common product advertised on children’s television)
The UNESCO Charter for PE and Sport stated that an essential condition for the exercise of human rights is freedom to ____
“develop n preserve physical, intellectual, and moral powers, and that access to PE and sport should consequently be assured n guaranteed for all human beings”
what kind of approach is most likely to be effective in inc levels of PA among children n youth
a coordinated multi-pronged approach
- such an “ecological approach” would address multiple “stakeholders” and “systems of influence”
Examples of stakeholders n systems of influence
- Young people themselves
- Home: fam, inc older siblings
- Friends n peers
- Older adults
- Schools
- Other social institutions e.g. Girl Guides
- Pediatricians
- Communities
- Mass media
- Government: Policies, Funding
Activity should be __ and if it is young people are more likely to develop a lifetime enjoyment of PA
Fun
Environmental improvements can make it ___ for young people to be outside e.g safe playgrounds, bike paths
easier
What tools can governments use
- Policies e.g. daily PE
- Funding for accessible sport n recreation facilities, appropriate programs, training of specialized PE teachers
- Tax incentives e.g. allow parents to deduct certain amt of expenses of PA programs (swim lessons) from their income
- Use of media for social marketing e.g. msgs that {A is normal cool n fun
PA plyas a key part in young people’s __, ___ and ____
- physical, social, n mental development
babies learn n develop physical capabilities thru ___
play
toddlers develop key social skills thru ____
games w/other
young people develop basic skills n understanding of rules n team membership thru ___
sport n PE
A PA lifestyle has direct n indirect health benefits for young people, particularly by ___
preventing overweight n obesity; helping to build strong bones, healthy joints, n an efficient heart; promoting good mental health; establishing healthy lifestyles that may be continued into adulthood
participation in exercise n sport can enhance ___
social integration, cultural tolerance, understanding of ethics, n respect for environment
PA can reduce symptoms of __ and enhance ___
- depression n anxiety
- psychological wellbeing n self-esteem
participation in strength n weight-bearing activities are positively associated with ___ and believed to be related to a reduced ___
bone mineral density
- reduced long term risk of osteoporosis n osteoarthritis
developing ___ is important to help activities of daily life like lifting n carrying, bending, twisting
muscular strength
____ whether thru sport, games, play, dane can give young people valuale experiences that help in learning basic motor skills as well as social integration, moral n social development and the joy of movement n exploration
Physical activity
Evidence-based data are strong for beneficial effects of PA on ___
- musculoskeletal health, several components of cardiovascular health, adiposity in overweight youth, n blood pressure in mildly hypertensive adolescents
Evidence is adequate to make informed judgments about the beneficial effects of PA on ___
lipid n lipoprotein lvls n adiposity in noral weight children n adolescents, blood pressure in normotensive youth, n other cardiovascular variables, self-concept, anxiety, n depression symptoms, n academic performances
why are guildlines recent and weren’t considered necessary before
cause children naturally spent many hours a day in active play before (traditionally more active n presumed to be healthier than adults)
CAHPERD recommends a min of ___ of PE at school each week
- other professionals have called for ___
150 mins
- 60 mins of daily moderate to vigorous PA
The NASPE recommended elementary school children should get ___ of active play or sustained PA on all, or most days of the week
30-60 mins (this is bare minimum)
Why are up to several hrs of activity per ay encouraged for elementary school children
- Development of motor skills requires substantial practice n effort
- Lifetime physical activities learned in childhood contribute to active lifestyles later in life
- PA is positively related to health-related fitness in childhood
- Given the opportunity, child will choose to b active
- People who r inactive r at inc risk of disease n death in adulthood, n people who become less active as they grow older, so establishing a high baseline will b beneficial for future health
The American Academy of Pediatrics emphasizes ___ as a means of inc activity lvls among children n warns of the dangers of introducing ____ at very young ages
- “active play”
- regimented activity programs
Katzmarzyk recommend a ____ to address a # of barriers to PA in adults, youth, n children
multidisciplinary behavioural approach
Katzmarzyk recommend a multidisciplinary behavioural approach to address a # of barriers to PA in adults, youth, n children
- Modify existing buildings to encourage use of stairs
- Neighbourhoods n urban planners adopt to pedestrian-friendly approach w/more green space n easy access to parks n recreation sites
- Promote bike paths n other forms of active transport
- Make neighbourhoods safe n walkable
- Incorporate PA counseling into all children’s regular medical exams
- Encourage parents to become pos role models
- Advise parents to set time limits on their children’s sedentary activities
More research into ___ among indicators of PA n several health outcomes in children n youth is req
- dose-response relationships
Katzmarzyk recommended 3 actions to address the major gaps in PA n health research n health research among children n youth. What r they
- Develop a national physical activity surveillance system to collect population level data (linked to other risk factors n disease states)
- Establish basic science n clinical evidence to support the development of PA guidelines for children n youth
- Develop comprehensive interventions to address knowledge (awareness n education), skills n resources (access to facilities n equipment) of individuals, families, communities n healthcare providers to participate in or make recommendations about PA
The expert panel’s systematic review on the effect of PA on health n behavioral outcomes in children n youth concluded school-age youth should participate daily in __ mins or more of ___ PA that is developmentally appropriate, enjoyable, n involves a variety of activities
- 60 mins or more of moderate to vigorous
Most of the intervention studies describe in the articles of the expert panel had used continuous moderate to vigorous activity for ___ mins duration for ___ per week
- 30 to 45 mins
- 3 to 5 times a week
The expert panel recommends ___ mins for youth, why?
their ordinary daily activity is typically intermittent
The recommended 60 mins or more of physical activity can be achieved in a ___ manner
cumulative
for youth who have been physically inactive, an ___ approach to the 60-min goal is recommended. Inc activity by ___% per week, an approach used in athletic training, appears to b acceptable n achieveable
- incremental
- 10%
attempting to achieve too much too quickly is often ___ and may lead to ___
- counterproductive n may lead to injury
The expert panel recommends daily PE for what grades
K-gr12
The expert panel recommends children n youth to spend less than __ hrs a day on sedentary activities (outside school)
2
in early childhood appropriate PA is ___, with the emphasis on __
- general
- motor skill development
In the transition around puberty these skills r incorporated into ____
a variety of individual n group activities n many organized sports
more ___ PA programs r suitable as physical structure n fxn mature thru the mid-to-late teenage yrs
structured
Activity intensity for adults can be prescribed in ___ but now children, why?
- METS
- nrg expenditure per kg body mass is higher in children n youth
What is a more useful way of describing activity intensity for children n youth
think of an appropriate intensity comparable to brisk walking, bicycling, n active outdoor play
in canada, how does the activity lvl of adults compare
east-west gradient in PA (more active in western canada than eastern)
why r geograhic trends in PA difficult to determine for Canadian children n youth
due to small sample sizes
in canada, how does the activity lvl of children n youth compare
small east-west gradient in PA (more active in western canada than eastern)
in canada, how does the activity lvl of boys n girls compare
- boys have higher levels of PA
- boys more likely to be vigorously physically active than girls
- in boys, lvls of PA persists until late adolescence then dramatically declines, while in girls lvl of PA tend to decline thruout adolescence
Why is there little data on PA levels of contemporary ethnic or minority groups in canada
“ethnicity” rarely asked on questionnaire surveys
Describe the PA of white youth, Hispanics, n African Americans? How is vigorously physically active defined
- White youth mostly likely to b vigorously physically active (67%)
- Hispanics (60%)
- African-Americans (54%)
- cause sweating n hard breathing for at least 20 mins on at least 3 days of the preceding week
What does it mean by build it n they will come
when asking for ideas on promoting PA in Canadian children n youth, people replied “build more facilities such as hockey rinks”
What score did the Active Healthy Kids Canada Report Card 2011 give for PA levels?
F
- only 9% of boys n 4% of girls meet the new Canadian PA Guidelines of 60 mins to moderate-to-vigorous-intensity PA daily
What score did the Active Healthy Kids Canada Report Card 2011 give for Screen-Based Sedentary Behaviour
F
- children getting avg of 6 hrs per day of screen time outside school n over 7 hrs on weekends
What score did the Active Healthy Kids Canada Report Card 2011 give for Active Play
F
- only 1 in 8 children are engaged in active play 5 days/week in after-school period
What score did the Active Healthy Kids Canada Report Card 2011 give for Active Transportation
D
- 24% of canadian parents say their children use only active modes of transport to n from school
- 42% of children driven to school
What score did the Active Healthy Kids Canada Report Card 2011 give for PE
C-
What score did the Active Healthy Kids Canada Report Card 2011 give for Sport n PE Opportunities at School
B
What score did the Active Healthy Kids Canada Report Card 2011 give for Proximity n Accessibility
A-
What score did the Active Healthy Kids Canada Report Card 2011 give for Usage of Facilities n programs
C
Why was PE instruction in gr 11 n 12 eliminated as mandatory requirement
- desire to provide students w/more academic choices
Students r required to meet a standard ______ in gr 11 n 12 to grad
- demonstrating a min of 80 hours of participation in PA
direct link between obesity and ___
cancer
A student can get credit for being what 3 things
- Athlete: competing at a certain level of competition
- A sport official: completing a theory course, examination, specified number of hours of practical experience officiating
- A coach: Completing a theory course, an examination, a CPR certificate, a SportsAid certificate, plus a specified # of hours of practical experience
What does it mean by no distinction between sports
Equal credit is given to officiating e.g. curling or springboard diving
Why do “external sport courses” not meet the same objectives of mandatory daily PE w/respect to health promotion
- They may not provide for much PA
- PA may not be daily
- PA usually won’t occur within time period of school day, which would reduce benefit that PA would have in giving students “pep” or an activity break during school day
- Many organized sports r not “lifetime activities”
Why may the rationale for not having PE mandatory misleading
Allocating more curricular time to PA does not dec academic performance
How can uni and colleges improve value of phys-ed classes
offering preferential admissions treatment and/or scholarships for individuals who r physically active in schools
What were all contributors to a paper published for the European Heart Health Initiative adamant on
Raising lvls of PA in the population is one key to managing the burden of CVD
Studies testing statistical relationship between PA in adulthood n activity in childhood or adolescence show a ____ level of association meaning that ___
- low-to-moderate
- active children do not necessarily become active adolescents or active adults
studies show strong effects for ___
the nature of early life experiences in PA as precursors of adult PA
what does it mean that physical inactivity tracks better into adulthood
sedentary young people have an inc risk of becoming sedentary adults
Why is the direct relationship between PA n health less clear for young people
- main morbidities which affect adults, n which r caused at least in part by a sedentary lifestyle, have not had long enough to develop
- methodological problems
___ is the childhood health condition most clearly related to inactivity
Obesity
What has been shown as an effective treatment for obesity
PA combined w/dietary modification
why can’t obesity in young children b simply defined
- due to variations in maturation
- if young people mature earlier they may appear overweight
What r 4 social trends that r believed to b related to declining physical activity lvls outside school
- Low availability of safe n accessible places for activity
- Lack of adult supervision, support, n guidance
- Inc popularity of car as mode of transport
- Inc popularity of computer n TV as mode of recreation
The paper for the European Heart Health initiative echos what 3 msgs given elsewhere in this unit
- quality PE in school has many benefits
2. Schools r not giving PE high enough priority
What actions do the paper for the European Heart Health Initiative recommend to inc PA of young people and help control childhood obesity n ultimately CVD
- Children should get at least 1 hr per day of at least moderate intensity
- Young people r more likely to b active if spend more time out of doors
- Safewalking n cycling routes
- Family approach (encouraging fam activities)
- Parents can help influence activity preferences n participation among their child cause children need actual support in being active e.g. take them to sports field
- Young people from lower socio-economic groups r less active n have less access to sports n exercise facilities n programs. Policies should aim to offer opportunities for PA for people w/disadvantaged backgrounds
- PE is crucial area n needs to b enhanced in quantity of time devoted to it during school day n quality of provision
- School based promotion of PA needs to extend beyond PE curriculum. “whole-school approach”
Additional recommendations for specific sectors or ‘spheres of influence’
- Young people
- Home and fam
- School
- Local communities
- Environment
- National policies
- European community dimension
- T
Additional recommendations for specific sectors or ‘spheres of influence’: young adult
- ensure policies n programs centered around needs of young people themselves
- establish methods to consult w/young people n involve them in development of programs
Additional recommendations for specific sectors or ‘spheres of influence’: home n fam
- promote activities that can b done as fam or involve the fam
- encourage parents to support n encourage their children to take part in range of activities
- encourage parents to limit time spent in front of screens
Additional recommendations for specific sectors or ‘spheres of influence’: School
- inc # of hrs devoted to PE in curriculum across EU
- inc quality of PE n training for dedicated PE teachers
- promote opportunities n practices to build activity into rest of school day not just PE class
- develop Health Promoting School concept that takes whole school approach to health
- establish safe zones around schools where walking prioritized n car travel difficult n safe routes to schools from neighboring communities
- establish guidance n incentives for schools n local gov’t on improving environment around schools to encourage walking
- ## provide safer parking places for bikes within school grounds
Additional recommendations for specific sectors or ‘spheres of influence’ Local Communities
- extend concept of “Home Zones” to promote safe local play n activity facilities in communities w/traffic cam measures
Additional recommendations for specific sectors or ‘spheres of influence’ Environment
.
Additional recommendations for specific sectors or ‘spheres of influence’ National policies
.
Only __% of canadian children receive daily PE
20%
What does the joint statement between CCUPEKA and CAHPERD recommend
- sufficient curricular time should b allocated to enable every student to receive a quality PE program
- teaching of PE should b performed by qualified personnel
- every student should receive a quality PE program
What rationale (4) did the Position Statement offer for the second recommendation ( teaching of PE should b performed by qualified personnel)
- PE specialists report significantly higher lvls of enjoyment to teach PE n feel better prepared n confident to teach PE than those who r not PE specialists
- PE specialists r more likely to teach longer lessons in which students spend significantly more time being active n engaging in moderate to vigorous activity lvls to PE during class
- PE specialists r more likely to (A) deliver developmentally appropriate, inclusive n gender equitable lessons (B) take into consideration students affective development w/in their classes (C) have inc variety of classroom n extracurricular activities (D) have pos impact on overall school climate
- students taught by qualified teachers performed better on movement tasks, n have better physiological outcomes
The report from CCUPEKA and CAHPERD calls on governments in canada to do what 5 things
- Include the curriculum 150 mins of PE per week
- Hire qualified PE teachers
- Provide teachers w/professional development
- Give schools sufficient resources
- Fund research into best practices n evidence for the impact of PE
Why is the 80 hrs of participation in PA policy weak
- inc activities that r not very vigorous
- documentation appears inconsistent n poorly scrutinized
- school admin don’t consider enforcing/documenting this requirement to b high priority
Barriers that interfered with continued extracurricular activity
- Lack of time “i need to study”
- Lack of available/convenient facilities
- disinterest in traditional sports
- lost interest in PA “PA became a chore instead of enjoyment”
- lack of support from parents, peers n teachers who care more for academic performance
6.
Barriers that interfered with continued extracurricular activity
- Lack of time “i need to study”
- Lack of available/convenient facilities
- disinterest in traditional sports
- lost interest in PA “PA became a chore instead of enjoyment”
- lack of support from parents, peers n teachers who care more for academic performance
- teachers n admin supported high-achieving athletes rather than students that weren’t good at sports
Providing interventions should highlight __ and ___ as significant factors in lives of HS students
time and stress
What is Action Schools! BC
a best practices PA model designed to assist elementary schools in creating individualized school action plans to promote healthy living
Action Schools! BC is premised on what 2 key ideas
- health children learn better
2. schools can directly influence child health
Action Schools! BC considers what 6 action zones
- School environment
- scheduled PE
- Classroom action
- Family n community
- School spirit
- Extracurricular
What is The Class Moves!
introduces short sessions of PA into the primary school classroom to help children n teachers benefit from activity n relaxation
What does PLAY stand for what is it for
Promoting Lifestyle Activity for Youth
- aims to inc PA lvls for children in gr 4-6
- implement over course of 12 weeks 15 mins each school day
Describe Week 1, Week 2-4, Week 5-12
Week 1:
Week 2-4:
Week 5-12:
Lifetime activities represent a ___ shift in thinking about physical fitness n PE in the school system
paradigm shift
Lifetime activities share what features
- Tend to emphasize individual or dual activities rather than team sports or activities requiring large # of participants (baseball), where individual participation may b limited
- Focus is on participation, fun, recreation and/or improved fitness rather than competition or athletic achievement
- May b offered w/in programs that give participants an opportunity to learn about healthy lifestyle choices and or a chance to try diff activities (skating)
- Provide participants w/long term n immediate benefits
- For children, help them learn basic skills like throwing
Health promotion used to focus on health problems n risk factors of individuals but also now considers ___
systems n organizations
Examples of settings used for health promotion
- nation states (countries)
- cities
- communities
- schools
- hospital n other health services
- workplaces
- prisons
Settings based activity has delivered what sucessful outcomes
- inc awareness of health issues
- development of health promoting policies n budgets
- improvements in physical and psychosocial environments
- more improvements in physical n psychosocial environments
- more frequent n better partnerships
- development of discrete health promotion/education projects
- changes in various individual attitudes, behaviours, n fxning
- economic benefits
In its most ambitious form settings based health promotion tries to make significant changes too the ___
setting (system)
What successful outcomes have settings based activity delivered
- inc awareness of health issues
- development of health promoting policies n budget
- improvement in physical n psychosocial environment
- More frequent n better partnerships
- Development of discrete heath promotion/education projects
- Economic benefits
Challenges the setting based health promotion faces
- “evidence-based medicine” movement creating pressure for SBHP to show its effectiveness
- this has created the perceived need for early short-term success which biases practitioner toward individually focused interventions w/tangible outcomes
Much of SBHP activity has been in the form of projects, a phenomenon known as __
projectism
Whatre the 2 ends of the spectrum in SBHP
- one end views core prblems n most appropriate slns as resting exclusively w/in voluntary scope of individual… setting doesn’t have effect on behavior
- other end sees setting as entity above individual… individuals powerful to make change
individuals should be involved n empowered at the ___ lvl
grass-roots
what is the ecological model
this model tries to understand n modify behaviour in terms of the individual’s environment
although some labels may vary depending on certain models, what do ecological models all have
- starting place = individual… then extends outward to local… then to societal lvl
besides the traditional approach of health promotion to focus on market, message, n media, whats another way to change behaviour. Example, how to get students to drink more water
reshaping the environment
- e.g. put free water-dispensing machine in corridor (physical intervention)
besides physical interventions above, how else can u reshape environment
- regulatory: laws prohibit cell phone while driving
- policy - company allows tele-working
- financial - tax deductions, fines
- social - ‘everyones doing it’
- organizational - schedule midterms so not in same week
According to Coalition for Active Living, educating people about PA is not enough. Instead we need strategies for _____, n to create ____. PA must be re engineered into daily life by ensuring that ____ where Canadians live, learn, commute, work, and play are ___. Make active lifestyle the ____
- environmental change
- sustainable long-term change
- communities
- barrier-free
- cultural norm
What are the 5 strategies listed by The Pan Canadian Physical Activity Strategy
- Health public policy
- Community physical environments
- Supportive social environments
- Public education
- Research n exchange of knowledge
What does the PRECEDE model stand for
- Predisposing Reinforcing Enabling Causes Educational Diagnosis and Evaluation
What does the PRECEDE model emphasize
the importance of careful prep before any intervention program is launched n comprises a diagnostic approach for deciding what type of approach likely to b useful in altering behaviour n for accessing its likely impact
What was the PRECEDE model later revised to… what does it stand for
- PROCEED model
- Policy, Regulatory, and Organizational Constructs in Educational and Environmental Development.
What did PROCEED model pt emphasis on
the kind of diagnostic evaluation needed at each stage
Describe the flow of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model
going from right to left, 6 phases work backwards casually from social n epidemiological outcomes n social factors through behavioural causes of health problems to finally education and adminstrative roots
BPK 340 focuses on what phase
phase 4 - educational, n ecological assessment
Characteristics of predisposing factors
- exert their effects prior to a behaviour occuring
- exist w/in individual
- provide motivation or reason behind behaviour
examples of predisposing factors
- demographic factors
- awareness
- knowedge
- values
what does it mean that knowledge is usually a necessary but not always sufficient cause of individual behaviour change
- at least some awareness of particular health need and of some behaviour that can b taken to address that need must exist before behaviour will occur
- but behaviour not occur w/out strong cue to trigger motivation to act on knowledge
are values, beliefs, or attitudes least open to change
value
how do attitudes n values differ
Attitudes r distinct in that they r directed towards specific persons, objects, or actions and r based on one or more value
how do attitudes n belief differ
- attitudes always inc some evaluation of person, object, or action
what r predisposing factors not amenable to change
- inc genetic, demographic, n personality characteristics
what r enabling factors
- factors that make it easier (or harder) for individuals to change behaviour/environment
- make it possible for a motivation to b realized (enable persons to act on predispositions)
examples of enabling factors
- supportive policies
- legislation
- availability of resources
- cost of resources
What r reinforcing factors
- come into play after behaviour has begun
- provide continuing rewards (or punishment)
- contribute to repetition or persistence of behaviours
Examples of reinforcing factors
- praise
- reassurance
- punishment
- family influences
- peer pressure or influence
- symptom relief
Does North americans or europeans smoke more
europeans
why do europeans smoke more
europeans generally less likely to think cigarette smoking is dangerous (but there are exceptions e.g. finland)
how has smoking rates in youth in eastern europe change
gone up drastically (1/3 reported smoking)
Sovinova & Csemy view the inc in smoking among youth in Czech Republic as the result of
social, economic, and political factors (cigarettes seen as symbol of freedom, are readily available to youth_
The real progress in tobacco control in Czech Repblic hinges on making non-smoking…
the social norm
As tobacco companies have dec in developed world, what have they decided to do
redirected their marketing to the developing word, esp at young girls
The WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2008 urges governments of all countries to adopt 6 policies, what is called the MPOWER pkg
- Monitor tobacco use to understand n reverse epidemic
- Protect people from 2nd-hand smoke
- Offer help those who want to quit smoking
- Warn people about the dangers of tobacco
- Enforce bans on tobacco advertising, promotion, n sponsorship
- Raise taxes on tobacco
What factors have contributed to North America’s success in dec smoking rates
- inc awareness n education about dangers of smoking n benefits of not smoking
- bans on smoking in public places
- restriction on tobacco sales to minors
- bans on cigarette vending machines
- warning labels on cigarette packs
- higher cigarette prices as a result of higher tobacco taxes
- positive peer pressure
- changing social climate (non-smoking to norm in many social situations)
Why are the warning labels less effective
- have not been updated n have become “stale”
main argument against higher tobacco taxes
inc smuggled black market cigarettes
Main reason why youth start smoking
- peer pressure
- curiosity (2nd)
- popular kids do it (3rd)
What did bill C-51 do
Tobacco Products Control Act - banned all tobacco ads inc billboards n retail ads
Sponsorship ads were only permitted to use the name of companies (IMASCO) not the names of brands (DuMaurier)… how did they get around this
Incorporating the brands e.g. DuMaurier Ltd. so they could use the brand names
how did tobacco companies respond to ban on billboards
created new sponsored events for bars n nightclubs (places where young people not permitted)
- cigarette girls returned
Since 2003 what domain of influence has been a focus of the tobacco industry promotion
the internet
What shields youth from campaigns on the health effets of tobacco
- denial, sense of invincibility, n short time horizon shield youth
why is condemning behavour of tobacco smoking only for youths ineffective
- sends mixed msg
- adolescents more likely to imitate observed behaviour than to do what they’re told
most effective approach to reduce smoking
advertisements that directly attack tobacco industry as source of tobacco problem
What does the Framingham Heart Study show
- smokers have become progressively marginalized socially
- if one smoker quits it helps other socially connected to him quit
Great Britain used that approach with young teens to reduce chance of smoking
- peer leader approach
