Models of Health Flashcards
What is a model
A “model” is a perspective, or a way of looking at things.
WHO’s definition for health?
“health is more than the absence of disease or infirmity [which means illness or disability], but is a complete state of mental, physical, and social well-being.”
Other ‘dimensions of wellness’ to add to WHO’s health definition?
- Emotional wellness
- Environmental or planetary wellness
- Spiritual wellness
What is health (described as a process rather than a state)
the process of doing your best most of the time to mobilize your resources to cope with the challenges of life.
What was the main message in A New Perspective on the Health of Canadians?
many of the leading causes of death and disability at that time were associated with known, preventable risk factors: motor vehicle crashes, heart disease, lung cancer, suicide.
What model was created from the insight provided by A New Perspective on the Health of Canadians
Risk factor model
The risk factor model brought what two strong approaches to health
- At the population level, targeting interventions to groups at high risk of disease. For example, knowing that alcohol-related car crashes are especially common among young adult males could produce changes in licensing, law enforcement, or social marketing aimed at that group (social marketing is discussed in a separate unit by the same name).
- At the individual level, raising awareness of the connection between health behaviours and health outcomes, and giving knowledge and skills that will help people to change their risky or unhealthy behaviours.
Your definition of health will influence what two things?
- The scope of things you would include in “health promotion”
- The way you would approach an issue e.g., detect disease, prevent disease, or promote wellness.
Medical model/risk factor model of health vs. “holistic model” and the “wellness model”?
Medical model/risk factor model: “health” to be the absence of signs or symptoms of disease
Wellness model: health as MORE THAN the absence of disease, but a complete state of mental, physical, and social (and emotional, environmental, and spiritual) well-being
What does the holistic model/wellness model challenge an individual to?
- Become aware of the connections between health behaviour and health outcomes
- Exercise more conscious control of their thoughts and behaviours
- Pursue higher level of wellness
What is fitness? Physical fitness?
- A capacity
- the capacity to meet the demands of sport, work, and life safely and efficiently without undue fatigue
What are the 4 components of fitness
- Stamina - endurance, aerobic fitness
- Suppleness - flexibility
- Strength - muscular endurance
- Slimness - body composition
What is exercise
A process that leads to fitness
“A planned, structured, repetitive program of physical activity intended to develop or maintain one of more components of fitness”
What is activity
A process involving any voluntary movement (unlike exercise, which requires intent to develop fitness)
What is active living
A way of life in which meaningful and satisfying physical activity becomes an integral part of everyday living
From CFLRI survey, % of Canadians at least moderately active?
Bit below 50%
Where is the % of canadians least moderately active in? Highest in?
- Lowest in Martitime Canada
- Highest in BC
From the CFLRI survey, which gender is more likely to be active
Men
How does activity and age relate
Activity declines with age except men 65+ as active as men 45-64
In 2003 what percentage was the goal to increase physical activity? Results?
- Increase lvls by 10% by 2010
- Yukon, NWT, Nunavut no process
- Manitoba within 1%
- All other regions within 3%
In the CFLRI survey that sample canadian children and youth, which provinces did children take the least amount of steps
Atlantic provinces
In the CFLRI survey that sample canadian children and youth, which gender took more steps
Boys (~1,300 more)
In the CFLRI survey that sample canadian children and youth, how did age and number of steps relate
- # of steps decreases with increasing age
In the CFLRI survey that sample canadian children and youth, how did # of steps and household income relate?
- children in highest income households take more steps than lowest income
In the CFLRI survey that sample canadian children and youth, how did education lvl of parent and # steps relate?
- Year 5: no relationship
- Year 1-4: there was a relationship
In the CFLRI survey that sample canadian children and youth, how did patently activity level and # of steps taken by child relate?
- Year 3-5: no association
- Year 1-2: Yes differences
In the CFLRI survey that sample canadian children and youth, how did children how participate in organized physical activity and # of steps relate
- children who participate in organized physical activity took more steps than those who don’t (~1500 more)
When are children aged 6-10 most active
Lunchtime
When are adolescents and older teenagers most active
3-5pm
Which days are children and youth (6-19) more active?
Weekdays
Which days are adults more active?
Weekdays and weekends showed same activity levels
In the survey regarding occupational versus leisure time activity, which income group were more likely to be classified and less likely inactive
Highest income category
What leisure time activity was reported most commonly?
Walking
During the survey comparing leisure time activity levels of blue-collar, white-collar, and professional employed Australians, which group was least active
Blue-collars were 50% more likely to be classified as insufficiently active
- did NOT appear blue-collar did less activity cause of insufficient time
Two main factors of the observed associations among leisure time activity, occupation, and education
Attitudes and values
Which ethnic group were more likely to be active and least likely to be active?
- South Asian or East Asian less likely to be active
- Aboriginals more likely to be active
- Immigrants less likely to be active and more likely to be inactive
What does the Obesity unit aims to do?
Lay the foundation to consider a broad multi-pronged strategy to combat overweight and obesity at the societal level
Physical examination data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey indicates what age-adjusted prevalence of obesity ____?
Increased from 22.9% in 1988 thru 1994 to 30.5% in 1999 thru 2000
The rising prevalence of obesity will also increase what?
- Inc rates of diabetes, hypertension, cancer, heart disease, osteoarthritis, and other chronic diseases
- inc health care costs
What happens when faced with inadequate resources to pay for necessary care for obesity
- Consumers concentrate on symptomatic care while neglecting disease prevention and risk factor control