Sleep

Question 1

______ sleep less.

Answer 1

Prey

Question 2

______ is a universal phenomenon among vertebrates.

Answer 2

Sleep

Question 3

Why do we sleep?

Answer 3

So the brain can rest

Question 4

Why do we know sleep is not important for our body (wear and tear) and specifically for our brain?

Answer 4

Six week study on sleep found no changes on individuals SW or REM sleep cycle, does not impact our body.

Question 5

After 2 days of sleep deprivation, what are some symptoms?

Answer 5

tremors, difficulty focusing eyes, increased sensitivity to pain

Question 6

After 4 days of sleep deprivation, what are some symptoms?

Answer 6

paranoid delusions, bizarre hallucinations

Question 7

What does an EEG measure?

Answer 7

Electrical activity outside of the brain

Question 8

How long is the sleep cycle?

Answer 8

90 minutes

Question 9

What are the stages of brain waves during the sleep cycle?

Answer 9

Awake: alpha and beta
Stage 1: Theta
Stage 2: Sleep spindle and K complex
Stage 3: Delta activity: synchronized
Stage 4: Delta activity
REM: theta and beta: desynchronized DREAMING

Question 10

What stage does dreaming take place?

Answer 10

REM

Question 11

What stage is synchronized?

Answer 11

delta

Question 12

What stage is desynchronized?

Answer 12

Theta and beta

Question 13

_____ is a time of intense physiological activity.

Answer 13

REM

Question 14

EEG desynchrony, Rapid irregular waves, lack of muscle tonus, penile erection or vaginal secretion, dreams:

Answer 14

REM

Question 15

EEG synchrony, moderate muscle tonus, slow or absent eye movements, lack of genital activity:

Answer 15

Slow waves

Question 16

Throughout the night you can _____ and ______ deep sleep.

Answer 16

Less and less

Question 17

The increase in REM sleep seen after a period of REM sleep deprivation:

Answer 17

Rebound phenonmen

Question 18

Muscle paralysis occurs during:

Answer 18

slow wave

Question 19

The highest proportion of REM sleep is seen during the most active phase of _____ _______

Answer 19

Brain development

Question 20

Something you can state:

Answer 20

Declarative

Question 21

Something you can remember but not state:

Answer 21

Non-declarative

Question 22

Why do REM sleep?

Answer 22

Consolidate non-declarative memories

Question 23

Why do we slow wave sleep?

Answer 23

Consolidate declarative learning

Question 24

Inability to fall asleep:

Answer 24

Insomnia

Question 25

Failure to breathe while sleeping:

Answer 25

Sleep apnea

Question 26

Failure to paralyze muscles during REM sleep:

Answer 26

REM sleep disorder

Question 27

People who snore are more likely to have what sleep disorder:

Answer 27

Sleep apnea

Question 28

What do you use to treat insomnia?

Answer 28

Benzodazapines that work on GABA receptors

Question 29

Irresistible sleep:

Answer 29

Narcolepsy

Question 30

Complete paralysis during walking (triggered by sudden emotions):

Answer 30

Cataplexy

Question 31

Paralysis just before falling asleep:

Answer 31

Sleep paralysis

Question 32

Vivid dreams before falling asleep:

Answer 32

Hypnagogic hallucinations

Question 33

Genetic autoimmune disorder where body attacks neurons responsible for arousal/wakefulness:

Answer 33

Cataplexy

Question 34

Acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin, histamine, and orexin are neurotransmitters responsible for what?

Answer 34

Neural control of arousal

Question 35

One of the most important neurotransmitters involved in arousal—especially of the cerebral cortex—is

Answer 35

Acetycholine

Question 36

A dark-colored group of noradrenergic cell bodies located in the pons; involved in arousal and vigilance.

Answer 36

Locus coeruleus

Question 37

Activating behavior:

Answer 37

Serotonin and acetycholine

Question 38

Almost all of the brain’s serotonergic neurons are found in the:

Answer 38

Raphe nuclei

Question 39

A group of nuclei located in the reticular formation of the medulla, pons, and midbrain, situated along the midline; contain serotonergic neurons.

Answer 39

Raphe nuclei

Question 40

When does serotonin take a spike in the sleep cycle?

Answer 40

Right after REM sleep

Question 41

A nucleus in the ventral posterior hypothalamus; contains histaminergic neurons involved in cortical activation and behavioral arousal.

Answer 41

tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN)

Question 42

Narcolepsy is most often treated with modafinil, a drug that suppresses the drowsiness associated with this disorder.

Answer 42

Orexin

Question 43

How does modafinil work?

Answer 43

by stimulating the release of orexin in the TMN, which activates the histaminergic neurons located there.

Question 44

What chemicals originate in the pons?

Answer 44

Acetycholine and noreponephrine

Question 45

What neurons are lost in narcolepsy?

Answer 45

Orexin

Question 46

What is histamine??

Answer 46

The TMN of the hypothalamas

Question 47

Where is serotonin primarily located?

Answer 47

Raphe nucleus

Question 48

A group of GABAergic neurons in the preoptic area whose activity suppresses alertness and behavioral arousal and promotes sleep.

Answer 48

ventrolateral preoptic area (vlPOA)

Question 49

Inhibition of what leads to sleep?

Answer 49

Arousal neural transmitters

Question 50

Narcolepsy is caused by the lack of?

Answer 50

Orexin

Question 51

_____ neurons hold the system ( our body) in the awake position to keep us awake.

Answer 51

Orexin

Question 52

REM-ON in REM flip-flop & where is it located?

Answer 52

SLD (Sublaterodorsal nucleus) | located in the dorsal pons

Question 53

REM-off in REM flip-flop & where is it located?

Answer 53

viPAG (ventrolateral periaqueductal gray matter) | located in the dorsal midbrain

Question 54

REM-on cells promote:

Answer 54

1) REM 2) Movements 3) Gentical activity