Sleep Flashcards
______ sleep less.
Prey
______ is a universal phenomenon among vertebrates.
Sleep
Why do we sleep?
So the brain can rest
Why do we know sleep is not important for our body (wear and tear) and specifically for our brain?
Six week study on sleep found no changes on individuals SW or REM sleep cycle, does not impact our body.
After 2 days of sleep deprivation, what are some symptoms?
tremors, difficulty focusing eyes, increased sensitivity to pain
After 4 days of sleep deprivation, what are some symptoms?
paranoid delusions, bizarre hallucinations
What does an EEG measure?
Electrical activity outside of the brain
How long is the sleep cycle?
90 minutes
What are the stages of brain waves during the sleep cycle?
Awake: alpha and beta Stage 1: Theta Stage 2: Sleep spindle and K complex Stage 3: Delta activity: synchronized Stage 4: Delta activity REM: theta and beta: desynchronized DREAMING
What stage does dreaming take place?
REM
What stage is synchronized?
delta
What stage is desynchronized?
Theta and beta
_____ is a time of intense physiological activity.
REM
EEG desynchrony, Rapid irregular waves, lack of muscle tonus, penile erection or vaginal secretion, dreams:
REM
EEG synchrony, moderate muscle tonus, slow or absent eye movements, lack of genital activity:
Slow waves
Throughout the night you can _____ and ______ deep sleep.
Less and less
The increase in REM sleep seen after a period of REM sleep deprivation:
Rebound phenonmen
Muscle paralysis occurs during:
slow wave
The highest proportion of REM sleep is seen during the most active phase of _____ _______
Brain development
Something you can state:
Declarative
Something you can remember but not state:
Non-declarative
Why do REM sleep?
Consolidate non-declarative memories
Why do we slow wave sleep?
Consolidate declarative learning
Inability to fall asleep:
Insomnia
Failure to breathe while sleeping:
Sleep apnea
Failure to paralyze muscles during REM sleep:
REM sleep disorder
People who snore are more likely to have what sleep disorder:
Sleep apnea
What do you use to treat insomnia?
Benzodazapines that work on GABA receptors
Irresistible sleep:
Narcolepsy
Complete paralysis during walking (triggered by sudden emotions):
Cataplexy
Paralysis just before falling asleep:
Sleep paralysis
Vivid dreams before falling asleep:
Hypnagogic hallucinations
Genetic autoimmune disorder where body attacks neurons responsible for arousal/wakefulness:
Cataplexy
Acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin, histamine, and orexin are neurotransmitters responsible for what?
Neural control of arousal
One of the most important neurotransmitters involved in arousal—especially of the cerebral cortex—is
Acetycholine
A dark-colored group of noradrenergic cell bodies located in the pons; involved in arousal and vigilance.
Locus coeruleus
Activating behavior:
Serotonin and acetycholine
Almost all of the brain’s serotonergic neurons are found in the:
Raphe nuclei
A group of nuclei located in the reticular formation of the medulla, pons, and midbrain, situated along the midline; contain serotonergic neurons.
Raphe nuclei
When does serotonin take a spike in the sleep cycle?
Right after REM sleep
A nucleus in the ventral posterior hypothalamus; contains histaminergic neurons involved in cortical activation and behavioral arousal.
tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN)
Narcolepsy is most often treated with modafinil, a drug that suppresses the drowsiness associated with this disorder.
Orexin
How does modafinil work?
by stimulating the release of orexin in the TMN, which activates the histaminergic neurons located there.
What chemicals originate in the pons?
Acetycholine and noreponephrine
What neurons are lost in narcolepsy?
Orexin
What is histamine??
The TMN of the hypothalamas
Where is serotonin primarily located?
Raphe nucleus
A group of GABAergic neurons in the preoptic area whose activity suppresses alertness and behavioral arousal and promotes sleep.
ventrolateral preoptic area (vlPOA)
Inhibition of what leads to sleep?
Arousal neural transmitters
Narcolepsy is caused by the lack of?
Orexin
_____ neurons hold the system ( our body) in the awake position to keep us awake.
Orexin
REM-ON in REM flip-flop & where is it located?
SLD (Sublaterodorsal nucleus)
located in the dorsal pons
REM-off in REM flip-flop & where is it located?
viPAG (ventrolateral periaqueductal gray matter)
located in the dorsal midbrain
REM-on cells promote:
1) REM
2) Movements
3) Gentical activity
