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Psychological Psychology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Parts of the CNS:

A

Spinal Cord and brain

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2
Q

Anterior:

A

Closer to face

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3
Q

Posterior:

A

Back of the head

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4
Q

Rostral:

A

Anterior

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5
Q

Caudal:

A

Posterior

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6
Q

Dorsal:

A

Back like a dolphin fin to the top of the head.

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7
Q

Ventral:

A

Front of your body. Stomach.

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8
Q

Lateral:

A

Closer to outside of body.

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9
Q

Medial:

A

Nose- midline.

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10
Q

Ipsilateral:

A

Same side

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11
Q

Contralateral:

A

Opposite side

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12
Q

Coronal section:

A

Frontal

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13
Q

Sagittal section:

A

Down the middle. Corpus Callosum.

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14
Q

Transversal section/ horizontal:

A

slice parallel to the ground

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15
Q

Forebrain five parts:

A

Cerebral, Basal ganglia, limbic system, thalamas, hypothalamus

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16
Q

Midbrain parts:

A

Tectum and tegmumentum

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17
Q

Hindbrain three parts:

A

Cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata

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18
Q

Lateral part of your forebrain parts:

A

Cerebral, basal ganglia, and limbic system

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19
Q

Third portion of your forebrain contains:

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

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20
Q

Parts of the PNS:

A

Autonomic nervous system and somatic/voluntary nervous system

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21
Q

Fourth part of your hindbrain:

A

Cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata

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22
Q

Occipital lobe is responsible for:

A

Visual info

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23
Q

Posterior part of Parietal lobe is responsible for:

A

Spatial perception

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24
Q

Anterior part of parietal lobe is responsible for:

A

Somasensory

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25
Q

Anterior portion of frontal lobe is responsible for:

A

impulse, planning, decision making

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26
Q

Posterior portion of frontal lobe is responsible for:

A

Motor

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27
Q

Temporal lobe is responsible for:

A

Auditory and language

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28
Q

Motor cortex is responsible for:

A

Body movements

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29
Q

Somasensory is responsible for:

A

Touch, pain, pressure, temp, and body position

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30
Q

The gyrus makes up the:

A

Somasensory and motor cortex

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31
Q

The cerebral cortex is divided in to ____ lobes

A

4

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32
Q

Small groves:

A

Sulcus

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33
Q

Large grooves:

A

Fissures

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34
Q

Raised portion of the brain:

A

gyrus

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35
Q

The basal ganglia is responsible for:

A

Target of dopamine, voluntary movements, muscle tone, posture

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36
Q

The limbic system is responsible for:

A

regulates emotions. Storage and retrieval of memories: hippocampus

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37
Q

The Thalamus is responsible for:

A

Relay of sensory info. MANY nuclei.

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38
Q

The hypothalamus is responsible for:

A

Secrete and regulate hormones. Regulate internal conditions throughout the body.

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39
Q

What does the pineal gland produce:

A

Melatonin

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40
Q

The pituitary gland does what:

A

extension of the hypothalamus. Takes the hormones secreted by the hypothalamus and circulates them thru the body. Or packages them to be released. EX. Oxytocin

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41
Q

Pons are responsible for:

A

Controlling sleep and arousal. They’re the bridge in the brain for sensory axons.

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42
Q

Cerebellum is responsible for:

A

Movement and coordination

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43
Q

The tegmentum is located in what major division of the brain?

A

Midbrain

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44
Q

What is the tegmentum responsible for?

A

Cell bodies for dopamine

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45
Q

The medulla oblongata is responsible for?

A

Basic life functions: heart rate, respiration.

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46
Q

A hollow tube that forms early in embryonic development: Origin of CNS.

A

Neural tube

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47
Q

Layers of meninges:

A

Dura matter (tough) , arachnoid (web) membrane, pia matter (delicate)

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48
Q

What protects the CNS?

A

Bone and meninges

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49
Q

Collection of nerves outside of the CNS:

A

Nerve

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50
Q

Collection of axons within CNS:

A

Tract

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51
Q

Axons arriving towards CNS:

A

Afferent

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52
Q

Axons leaving the CNS:

A

Efferent

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53
Q

Collection of cell bodies outside the CNS:

A

Ganglion

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54
Q

Collection of cell bodies within CNS:

A

Nucleus

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55
Q

Location of cell bodies and dendrites:

A

Gray matter

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56
Q

Mostly myelinated axons:

A

White matter

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57
Q

CSF is and its purpose:

A

Cerebral spinal fluid, cushions and protects the CNS. Provides nutrients. Fills ventricular system and a layer of meninges.

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58
Q

A network of blood vessels in each ventricle:

A

Choroid plexus

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59
Q

What are the 3 large axonal fibers connecting the two hemispheres together?

A

Corpus callosum, anterior commissure, and posterior commissure

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60
Q

Dorsal means sensory info _____

A

Enters

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61
Q

Ventral means motor info ______

A

Exits

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62
Q

Nervous system tissues:

A

Brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, spinal nerves

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63
Q

Lateral ventricles are located in the ______

A

Forebrain

64
Q

Third ventricles are located in the _____

A

Forebrain

65
Q

Cerebral aqueduct is located in the ______

A

Midbrain

66
Q

Fourth Ventricle is located in the ______

A

Hindbrain

67
Q

Spinal: sensory _____ and motor _____

A

Sensory In, Motor Out

68
Q

How many pairs are their in the spinal nerve?

A

31 pairs

69
Q

What is the ventricular system?

A

Hollow interconnected chambers in the brain and spinal cord.

70
Q

Somatic nervous system is made up of?

A

Spinal nerves and cranial nerves

71
Q

How many cranial nerves are there in the somatic nervous system?

A

12 nerves

72
Q

Attached to the brain. Sensory and motor functions of the head and neck region:

A

Cranial nerves

73
Q

What are the two portions of the autonomic nervous system:

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

74
Q

“Fight or flight”

A

Sympathetic

75
Q

“Rest and restore”

A

Parasympathetic

76
Q

Acetycholine is the neurotransmitter released in:

A

Parasympathetic

77
Q

Norepineophrine is the neurotransmitter released in:

A

Sympathetic

78
Q

Arousal and stress in the ANS?

A

Sympathetic

79
Q

Non-stress or recovery in the ANS?

A

Parasympathetic

80
Q

Methods to measure structures in the brain:

A

CAT/CT, MRI, DTI

81
Q

Methods to measure functions in the brain:

A

Ablation, TMS, Microelectrodes, Macroelectrodes (EEG), fMRI, PET

82
Q

How can you localize proteins in the brain?

A

Histology, PET, and SPECT

83
Q

Intensity of a sound:

A

Loudness

84
Q

Frequency of vibrations:

A

Pitch

85
Q

Complexity of the sound:

A

Timbre

86
Q

What is the perceived frequency a human can hear:

A

20-20,000 hz, and decreases with age

87
Q

Strength of CT:

A

Cheap and easy, first scan done after injury.

88
Q

Weakness of CT:

A

Not detailed picture

89
Q

3-d X-ray:

A

CT/CAT scan

90
Q

Scan that uses interaction between radio waves and a strong magnetic field to produce a picture of body tissue:

A

MRI

91
Q

Strength of MRI:

A

High res pictures, 3-D representation from many angles, can measure size of brain and brain structures.

92
Q

What is DTI?

A

Type of MRI. Measures water movement thru brain.

93
Q

Strength of DTI:

A

shows white matter tracts

94
Q

Disrupt brain functioning by removing part of the brain and measure behavior:

A

Ablation

95
Q

Strength of ablation:

A

Can measure effects if people who have had part of their brain damaged or removed for medical reasons

96
Q

Weakness of ablation:

A

Cannot do it experimentally in humans.

97
Q

Example of ablation:

A

Split brain

98
Q

Disrupt brain functioning by stimulating neurons with electrical currents from outside of skull and measure behavior:

A

TMS

99
Q

Record activity of individual neurons from inside the brain:

A

Microelectrodes

100
Q

Strength of Microelectrodes:

A

Measure exactly what a neuron is doing

101
Q

Weakness of microelectrodes:

A

Invasive

102
Q

Record electrical activity of groups of neurons (inside or outside of brain):

A

EEG/Macroelectrodes

103
Q

Strength of EEG:

A

Temporal resolution

104
Q

Weakness of EEG:

A

Bad spatial resolution

105
Q

Measures amount of oxygenated blood in your brain:

A

fMRI

106
Q

Strength of fMRI:

A

localize well, spatial!

107
Q

Weakness of fMRI:

A

Slow, and poor temporal resolution

108
Q

What is a PET scan?

A

Injecting radioactive glucose in to brain

109
Q

Weakness of PET:

A

Radioactive isnt safe to do a number of times, worst temporal and spatial

110
Q

Methods to localize proteins?

A

Histology, PET, SPECT

111
Q

Postmortem brain tissue:

A

Histology

112
Q

Radioactive tracer for proteins in the brain:

A

PET

113
Q

Hair-like appendage involved in movement and sensory info:

A

Cilia

114
Q

Basilar Membrane, Hair cells, tectorial membrane, auditory nerve:

A

Parts of the Organ of Corti

115
Q

When cilia move, top links open _____ and ______ channels

A

K+, Ca2+

116
Q

Where is the organ of corti located?

A

Inside cochlea

117
Q

The central auditory pathway steps:

A
  1. Auditory nerve
  2. Medulla
  3. Inferior colliculus of the midbrain
  4. Medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus
  5. Auditory cortex
118
Q

Parietal lobe does what sort of processing?

A

Spatial

119
Q

Acoustic stimuli of diff frequencies cause diff parts of the basilar member to flex back and forth?

A

Place coding

120
Q

Info about different frequencies of sound waves is coded by the rate of firing of neurons in the auditory system?

A

Rate coding

121
Q

How does sound transfer in to our ear (Hint: 7 steps)?

A

1) Ear canal
2) Ear drum/ tempanic membrane
3) Malleus
4) Incus
5) Stapes
6) Cochlea
7) Auditory nerve

122
Q

Function of vestibular system?

A

Balance

123
Q

Where is the vestibular nerve located?

A

Right above cochlea

124
Q

Pathway of vestibular system (Hint: 4 steps):

A

1) Hair cells
2) Vestibular nerve
3) Medulla and pons
4) Cerebellum and vestibular cortex

125
Q

What is somatosenses?

A

sensation on the surface and inside of the body

126
Q

What are types of somatosenses?

A

Pressure, vibration, temp, pain

127
Q

One of the somatosenses, includes sensitivity to stimuli that involve the skin:

A

Cutaneous sense

128
Q

Perception of the body’s position and posture

A

propioception

129
Q

What are the 3 components of pain:

A

Sensory, emotional-immediate, emotional-long term

130
Q

Glabrous:

A

Palms and soles of feet

131
Q

What moves dendrites of mechanoreceptors?

A

Touch

132
Q

What mechanically opens ion channels?

A

Touch

133
Q

Where are cold receptors located?

A

Close to surface of skin. Myelinated axons.

134
Q

Where are warm receptors located?

A

Deeper in skin. Unmyelinated axons.

135
Q

Machanoreceptors are _______ ________ _______ that detect pressure.

A

free nerve endings

136
Q

Capsaicin receptors are located where?

A

In the tongue.

137
Q

How many taste buds do we have?

A

Approx 10,000

138
Q

How are taste buds arranged?

A

Around papillae

139
Q

What are the receptor cells life span in the tongue?

A

Approx 10 days

140
Q

________ pass from one cell to the other in the tongue.

A

Dendrites

141
Q

What are the 5 tastes we have?

A

Bitter, sour, sweet, salta, umami, and fat

142
Q

How do the molecules in our food act?

A

They act as ligands and bind to their specific receptor.

143
Q

Pathway of gustation:

A

1) Cranial nerves 7, 9, 10
2) Medulla
3) Thalamus
4) Primary fustatory cortex

144
Q

Taste is _______ but not _______.

A

Idiosyncratic , stable

145
Q

Olfactory pathway:

A

1) Nasal passage
2) olfactory receptors
3) olfactory bulb
4) olfactory tract
5) project to limbic cortex

146
Q

What sense is most attached to memory?

A

Smell

147
Q

What sense does not go thru the thalamus?

A

Smell

148
Q

What is the limbic system responsible for?

A

Emotions

149
Q

What systems in the brain does smell go to after the limbic cortex?

A

Amygdala, entorhinal cortex, piriform cortex, hippocampus

150
Q

How many receptors do we have to perceive smell?

A

300+

151
Q

How many odorants can we detect?

A

10,000+

152
Q

How can we smell so many things?

A

Unique binding sites with many combinations

153
Q

Rods perceive what?

A

Dark, no color

154
Q

Cones perceive what?

A

detect color

155
Q

Sight pathway:

A

1) Cornea
2) aqueous humor
3) through iris and pupil

156
Q

Transparent outer later of the eye that bends light:

A

Cornea

Psychological Psychology (9 decks)

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