Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Parts of the CNS:
A
Spinal Cord and brain
2
Q
Anterior:
A
Closer to face
3
Q
Posterior:
A
Back of the head
4
Q
Rostral:
A
Anterior
5
Q
Caudal:
A
Posterior
6
Q
Dorsal:
A
Back like a dolphin fin to the top of the head.
7
Q
Ventral:
A
Front of your body. Stomach.
8
Q
Lateral:
A
Closer to outside of body.
9
Q
Medial:
A
Nose- midline.
10
Q
Ipsilateral:
A
Same side
11
Q
Contralateral:
A
Opposite side
12
Q
Coronal section:
A
Frontal
13
Q
Sagittal section:
A
Down the middle. Corpus Callosum.
14
Q
Transversal section/ horizontal:
A
slice parallel to the ground
15
Q
Forebrain five parts:
A
Cerebral, Basal ganglia, limbic system, thalamas, hypothalamus
16
Q
Midbrain parts:
A
Tectum and tegmumentum
17
Q
Hindbrain three parts:
A
Cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata
18
Q
Lateral part of your forebrain parts:
A
Cerebral, basal ganglia, and limbic system
19
Q
Third portion of your forebrain contains:
A
Thalamus and hypothalamus
20
Q
Parts of the PNS:
A
Autonomic nervous system and somatic/voluntary nervous system
21
Q
Fourth part of your hindbrain:
A
Cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata
22
Q
Occipital lobe is responsible for:
A
Visual info
23
Q
Posterior part of Parietal lobe is responsible for:
A
Spatial perception
24
Q
Anterior part of parietal lobe is responsible for:
A
Somasensory
25
Anterior portion of frontal lobe is responsible for:
impulse, planning, decision making
26
Posterior portion of frontal lobe is responsible for:
Motor
27
Temporal lobe is responsible for:
Auditory and language
28
Motor cortex is responsible for:
Body movements
29
Somasensory is responsible for:
Touch, pain, pressure, temp, and body position
30
The gyrus makes up the:
Somasensory and motor cortex
31
The cerebral cortex is divided in to ____ lobes
4
32
Small groves:
Sulcus
33
Large grooves:
Fissures
34
Raised portion of the brain:
gyrus
35
The basal ganglia is responsible for:
Target of dopamine, voluntary movements, muscle tone, posture
36
The limbic system is responsible for:
regulates emotions. Storage and retrieval of memories: hippocampus
37
The Thalamus is responsible for:
Relay of sensory info. MANY nuclei.
38
The hypothalamus is responsible for:
Secrete and regulate hormones. Regulate internal conditions throughout the body.
39
What does the pineal gland produce:
Melatonin
40
The pituitary gland does what:
extension of the hypothalamus. Takes the hormones secreted by the hypothalamus and circulates them thru the body. Or packages them to be released. EX. Oxytocin
41
Pons are responsible for:
Controlling sleep and arousal. They're the bridge in the brain for sensory axons.
42
Cerebellum is responsible for:
Movement and coordination
43
The tegmentum is located in what major division of the brain?
Midbrain
44
What is the tegmentum responsible for?
Cell bodies for dopamine
45
The medulla oblongata is responsible for?
Basic life functions: heart rate, respiration.
46
A hollow tube that forms early in embryonic development: Origin of CNS.
Neural tube
47
Layers of meninges:
Dura matter (tough) , arachnoid (web) membrane, pia matter (delicate)
48
What protects the CNS?
Bone and meninges
49
Collection of nerves outside of the CNS:
Nerve
50
Collection of axons within CNS:
Tract
51
Axons arriving towards CNS:
Afferent
52
Axons leaving the CNS:
Efferent
53
Collection of cell bodies outside the CNS:
Ganglion
54
Collection of cell bodies within CNS:
Nucleus
55
Location of cell bodies and dendrites:
Gray matter
56
Mostly myelinated axons:
White matter
57
CSF is and its purpose:
Cerebral spinal fluid, cushions and protects the CNS. Provides nutrients. Fills ventricular system and a layer of meninges.
58
A network of blood vessels in each ventricle:
Choroid plexus
59
What are the 3 large axonal fibers connecting the two hemispheres together?
Corpus callosum, anterior commissure, and posterior commissure
60
Dorsal means sensory info _____
Enters
61
Ventral means motor info ______
Exits
62
Nervous system tissues:
Brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, spinal nerves
63
Lateral ventricles are located in the ______
Forebrain
64
Third ventricles are located in the _____
Forebrain
65
Cerebral aqueduct is located in the ______
Midbrain
66
Fourth Ventricle is located in the ______
Hindbrain
67
Spinal: sensory _____ and motor _____
Sensory In, Motor Out
68
How many pairs are their in the spinal nerve?
31 pairs
69
What is the ventricular system?
Hollow interconnected chambers in the brain and spinal cord.
70
Somatic nervous system is made up of?
Spinal nerves and cranial nerves
71
How many cranial nerves are there in the somatic nervous system?
12 nerves
72
Attached to the brain. Sensory and motor functions of the head and neck region:
Cranial nerves
73
What are the two portions of the autonomic nervous system:
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
74
"Fight or flight"
Sympathetic
75
"Rest and restore"
Parasympathetic
76
Acetycholine is the neurotransmitter released in:
Parasympathetic
77
Norepineophrine is the neurotransmitter released in:
Sympathetic
78
Arousal and stress in the ANS?
Sympathetic
79
Non-stress or recovery in the ANS?
Parasympathetic
80
Methods to measure structures in the brain:
CAT/CT, MRI, DTI
81
Methods to measure functions in the brain:
Ablation, TMS, Microelectrodes, Macroelectrodes (EEG), fMRI, PET
82
How can you localize proteins in the brain?
Histology, PET, and SPECT
83
Intensity of a sound:
Loudness
84
Frequency of vibrations:
Pitch
85
Complexity of the sound:
Timbre
86
What is the perceived frequency a human can hear:
20-20,000 hz, and decreases with age
87
Strength of CT:
Cheap and easy, first scan done after injury.
88
Weakness of CT:
Not detailed picture
89
3-d X-ray:
CT/CAT scan
90
Scan that uses interaction between radio waves and a strong magnetic field to produce a picture of body tissue:
MRI
91
Strength of MRI:
High res pictures, 3-D representation from many angles, can measure size of brain and brain structures.
92
What is DTI?
Type of MRI. Measures water movement thru brain.
93
Strength of DTI:
shows white matter tracts
94
Disrupt brain functioning by removing part of the brain and measure behavior:
Ablation
95
Strength of ablation:
Can measure effects if people who have had part of their brain damaged or removed for medical reasons
96
Weakness of ablation:
Cannot do it experimentally in humans.
97
Example of ablation:
Split brain
98
Disrupt brain functioning by stimulating neurons with electrical currents from outside of skull and measure behavior:
TMS
99
Record activity of individual neurons from inside the brain:
Microelectrodes
100
Strength of Microelectrodes:
Measure exactly what a neuron is doing
101
Weakness of microelectrodes:
Invasive
102
Record electrical activity of groups of neurons (inside or outside of brain):
EEG/Macroelectrodes
103
Strength of EEG:
Temporal resolution
104
Weakness of EEG:
Bad spatial resolution
105
Measures amount of oxygenated blood in your brain:
fMRI
106
Strength of fMRI:
localize well, spatial!
107
Weakness of fMRI:
Slow, and poor temporal resolution
108
What is a PET scan?
Injecting radioactive glucose in to brain
109
Weakness of PET:
Radioactive isnt safe to do a number of times, worst temporal and spatial
110
Methods to localize proteins?
Histology, PET, SPECT
111
Postmortem brain tissue:
Histology
112
Radioactive tracer for proteins in the brain:
PET
113
Hair-like appendage involved in movement and sensory info:
Cilia
114
Basilar Membrane, Hair cells, tectorial membrane, auditory nerve:
Parts of the Organ of Corti
115
When cilia move, top links open _____ and ______ channels
K+, Ca2+
116
Where is the organ of corti located?
Inside cochlea
117
The central auditory pathway steps:
1. Auditory nerve
2. Medulla
3. Inferior colliculus of the midbrain
4. Medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus
5. Auditory cortex
118
Parietal lobe does what sort of processing?
Spatial
119
Acoustic stimuli of diff frequencies cause diff parts of the basilar member to flex back and forth?
Place coding
120
Info about different frequencies of sound waves is coded by the rate of firing of neurons in the auditory system?
Rate coding
121
How does sound transfer in to our ear (Hint: 7 steps)?
1) Ear canal
2) Ear drum/ tempanic membrane
3) Malleus
4) Incus
5) Stapes
6) Cochlea
7) Auditory nerve
122
Function of vestibular system?
Balance
123
Where is the vestibular nerve located?
Right above cochlea
124
Pathway of vestibular system (Hint: 4 steps):
1) Hair cells
2) Vestibular nerve
3) Medulla and pons
4) Cerebellum and vestibular cortex
125
What is somatosenses?
sensation on the surface and inside of the body
126
What are types of somatosenses?
Pressure, vibration, temp, pain
127
One of the somatosenses, includes sensitivity to stimuli that involve the skin:
Cutaneous sense
128
Perception of the body's position and posture
propioception
129
What are the 3 components of pain:
Sensory, emotional-immediate, emotional-long term
130
Glabrous:
Palms and soles of feet
131
What moves dendrites of mechanoreceptors?
Touch
132
What mechanically opens ion channels?
Touch
133
Where are cold receptors located?
Close to surface of skin. Myelinated axons.
134
Where are warm receptors located?
Deeper in skin. Unmyelinated axons.
135
Machanoreceptors are _______ ________ _______ that detect pressure.
free nerve endings
136
Capsaicin receptors are located where?
In the tongue.
137
How many taste buds do we have?
Approx 10,000
138
How are taste buds arranged?
Around papillae
139
What are the receptor cells life span in the tongue?
Approx 10 days
140
________ pass from one cell to the other in the tongue.
Dendrites
141
What are the 5 tastes we have?
Bitter, sour, sweet, salta, umami, and fat
142
How do the molecules in our food act?
They act as ligands and bind to their specific receptor.
143
Pathway of gustation:
1) Cranial nerves 7, 9, 10
2) Medulla
3) Thalamus
4) Primary fustatory cortex
144
Taste is _______ but not _______.
Idiosyncratic , stable
145
Olfactory pathway:
1) Nasal passage
2) olfactory receptors
3) olfactory bulb
4) olfactory tract
5) project to limbic cortex
146
What sense is most attached to memory?
Smell
147
What sense does not go thru the thalamus?
Smell
148
What is the limbic system responsible for?
Emotions
149
What systems in the brain does smell go to after the limbic cortex?
Amygdala, entorhinal cortex, piriform cortex, hippocampus
150
How many receptors do we have to perceive smell?
300+
151
How many odorants can we detect?
10,000+
152
How can we smell so many things?
Unique binding sites with many combinations
153
Rods perceive what?
Dark, no color
154
Cones perceive what?
detect color
155
Sight pathway:
1) Cornea
2) aqueous humor
3) through iris and pupil
156
Transparent outer later of the eye that bends light:
Cornea
