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MEDICAL PHYS EXAM FINAL > sleep > Flashcards

sleep Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Alpha wave type

A
  • Speed = 8-13Hz
  • assocaited with a state of relaxed wakefulness
  • Blocked if pt opens eye or hears novel sound
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2
Q

Beta wave type

A
  • Speed = 14-30 Hz
  • Assocaited with an alert state
  • want to be in these waves during lecture
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3
Q

Theta Wave type

A
  • Speed = 4-7Hz
  • associated with sleep stages of healthy adult
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4
Q

Delta wave type

A
  • Speed = .5-3.4 Hz
  • assocaited with sleep stages of healthy adult
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5
Q

What stage of sleep has the highest percent of time spend in delta waves

A

Deep sleep (stage IV)

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6
Q

during which stage of sleep is there intense descending inhibition of spinal motoneurons

A

REM sleep

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7
Q

Which stage of sleep is least likely during the first 60 minutes of normal adult sleep

A

REM sleep

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8
Q

What sleep stage is assocaited with penile erection

A

REM sleep

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9
Q

describe the characteristics of Sleep stages

A
  • non-REM = HR an Respiration Decreases
  • REM sleep = HR and Respiration INCREASES
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10
Q

describe the stages of tonic-clonic seizures

A
  • Patient loses consciousness and falls to ground
  • TONIC PHASE:

–> 10-20 secondays

–> general contraction ofmuscles, including respiratory muscles

  • CLONIC PHASE:

–> jerky movements

–> postictal stupor

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11
Q

What type of epilepsy is characterized by EEG record of 3 per second spike and dome pattern

A
  • ABSENCE SEIZURES
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12
Q

Describe epilepsy

A
  • Disease characterized by tendency to have repeated seizures
  • seizures are excessive, abnormal electrical discharge of cerebral enurons
  • there are lots of causes of seizures: cortical damage from trauma, stoke, tumors, congenital vascular malformations, metabolic disease, infection, withdrawal from certain drugs, etc
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13
Q

Absence seizures

A
  • petit mal epilepsy
  • sudden interruption of consciousness
  • patient stares and briefly stops talking or fails to respond to others
  • patients do not usually fall and may even continue such complex acts as walking or riding a bike
  • generalized 3 per second spike and wave patter in the EEG
  • seizure usually lasts 10 seconds or less
  • first appear between age of 4 and puberty
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14
Q

partial or focal seizures

A
  • SIMPLE PARTIAL ZEIZURES
  • -> do not affect general consciousness

–> limited symptom since only small part of cortex invovled: motor, auditory etc

  • COMPLEX PARTIAL SEIZURES

–> affect consiousness

–> usually of temporal lobe origin

–> can cause complicated illusory phenomena

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15
Q

describe narcolepsy

A
  • SYMPTOMS = SLEEP ATTACKS, CATAPLEXY (abrupt attack of muscle weakness and hypotonia often triggered by an emotional stimulus), sleep paralysis, hypnagogic hallucinations, sleep (onset REM)
  • Caused of Narcolepsy:

–> due to reduction or absence of hypothalamic cells tha tproduce and secrete OREXIN (hypocretin)

–> loss of cells probably due to autoimmune attack on cells

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16
Q

Receptors/NT active in waking/REM sleep

A
  • Cholinergic receptors
  • Histaminergic neurons (of posterior hypothalamus)
  • Locus coeruleus = transmitter, NE
  • Pontine raphe neuron = transmitter, Serotonin
  • Orexin neurons (lateral hypothalamus)
  • Mnooaminergic systems
17
Q

Receptors/NT active in NON-REM/onset of sleep

A
  • decreased firing of Waking/rem sleep neurons
  • Neurons in VENTROLATERAL PREOPTIC nucleus of the hypothalamus (VPLO) periodically inhibit the aboce neurons and thereforve invovled in non-REM sleep
18
Q

define insomnia

A
  • disorder of initiating and maintaing sleep during normal sleeping periods
  • causes excessive sleepiness and sleep during normal waking period
19
Q

Parasomnias

A
  • disorder of the sleep cycle and other non-sleep dysfunctions associated with sleep

–> bed = wetting or nocturnal enuresis

–> sleep = waking or somnambulism

–> realtiely common in children

–> REM behavior disorder or REM associated sleepdisorder

–> REM nightmare

–> Sleep apnea

20
Q

describe obstructive sleep apnea

A
  • periods of obstructed airway during sleep
  • causes patients to stop breathing during a short period of time, resulting in awakening and loss of deep sleep
  • may present with symptoms of extreme tiredness, SNORING, HTN, stroke
  • 30% higher risk of Heart attack/death
21
Q

describe sensory evoked potentials

A
  • Extracted from EEG by use of computer averaging techniques
  • Require that a special synchronized sensory stimulus be repeated many times
  • the sensory stimuli result in nearly simultaneous actiity in a large number of closely spaced neurons along a snesory pathway
  • signal averaging is based on the principle that noise in the EEG signal is random and will average to zero over time
  • what is left is the part o fthe EEG that is dependent on the synchronized stimuli
22
Q

location of primary biological clock

A
  • suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothlamus
23
Q

describe melatonin

A
  • Melatonin is released from the pineal gland (increased secretions as light decreases)
  • It is thought that melatonin helps modulate the brainstem circuits that control the sleep-wake cycle

MEDICAL PHYS EXAM FINAL (14 decks)

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