sleep Flashcards
Alpha wave type
- Speed = 8-13Hz
- assocaited with a state of relaxed wakefulness
- Blocked if pt opens eye or hears novel sound
Beta wave type
- Speed = 14-30 Hz
- Assocaited with an alert state
- want to be in these waves during lecture
Theta Wave type
- Speed = 4-7Hz
- associated with sleep stages of healthy adult
Delta wave type
- Speed = .5-3.4 Hz
- assocaited with sleep stages of healthy adult
What stage of sleep has the highest percent of time spend in delta waves
Deep sleep (stage IV)
during which stage of sleep is there intense descending inhibition of spinal motoneurons
REM sleep
Which stage of sleep is least likely during the first 60 minutes of normal adult sleep
REM sleep
What sleep stage is assocaited with penile erection
REM sleep
describe the characteristics of Sleep stages
- non-REM = HR an Respiration Decreases
- REM sleep = HR and Respiration INCREASES
describe the stages of tonic-clonic seizures
- Patient loses consciousness and falls to ground
- TONIC PHASE:
–> 10-20 secondays
–> general contraction ofmuscles, including respiratory muscles
- CLONIC PHASE:
–> jerky movements
–> postictal stupor
What type of epilepsy is characterized by EEG record of 3 per second spike and dome pattern
- ABSENCE SEIZURES
Describe epilepsy
- Disease characterized by tendency to have repeated seizures
- seizures are excessive, abnormal electrical discharge of cerebral enurons
- there are lots of causes of seizures: cortical damage from trauma, stoke, tumors, congenital vascular malformations, metabolic disease, infection, withdrawal from certain drugs, etc
Absence seizures
- petit mal epilepsy
- sudden interruption of consciousness
- patient stares and briefly stops talking or fails to respond to others
- patients do not usually fall and may even continue such complex acts as walking or riding a bike
- generalized 3 per second spike and wave patter in the EEG
- seizure usually lasts 10 seconds or less
- first appear between age of 4 and puberty
partial or focal seizures
- SIMPLE PARTIAL ZEIZURES
- -> do not affect general consciousness
–> limited symptom since only small part of cortex invovled: motor, auditory etc
- COMPLEX PARTIAL SEIZURES
–> affect consiousness
–> usually of temporal lobe origin
–> can cause complicated illusory phenomena
describe narcolepsy
- SYMPTOMS = SLEEP ATTACKS, CATAPLEXY (abrupt attack of muscle weakness and hypotonia often triggered by an emotional stimulus), sleep paralysis, hypnagogic hallucinations, sleep (onset REM)
- Caused of Narcolepsy:
–> due to reduction or absence of hypothalamic cells tha tproduce and secrete OREXIN (hypocretin)
–> loss of cells probably due to autoimmune attack on cells
Receptors/NT active in waking/REM sleep
- Cholinergic receptors
- Histaminergic neurons (of posterior hypothalamus)
- Locus coeruleus = transmitter, NE
- Pontine raphe neuron = transmitter, Serotonin
- Orexin neurons (lateral hypothalamus)
- Mnooaminergic systems
Receptors/NT active in NON-REM/onset of sleep
- decreased firing of Waking/rem sleep neurons
- Neurons in VENTROLATERAL PREOPTIC nucleus of the hypothalamus (VPLO) periodically inhibit the aboce neurons and thereforve invovled in non-REM sleep
define insomnia
- disorder of initiating and maintaing sleep during normal sleeping periods
- causes excessive sleepiness and sleep during normal waking period
Parasomnias
- disorder of the sleep cycle and other non-sleep dysfunctions associated with sleep
–> bed = wetting or nocturnal enuresis
–> sleep = waking or somnambulism
–> realtiely common in children
–> REM behavior disorder or REM associated sleepdisorder
–> REM nightmare
–> Sleep apnea
describe obstructive sleep apnea
- periods of obstructed airway during sleep
- causes patients to stop breathing during a short period of time, resulting in awakening and loss of deep sleep
- may present with symptoms of extreme tiredness, SNORING, HTN, stroke
- 30% higher risk of Heart attack/death
describe sensory evoked potentials
- Extracted from EEG by use of computer averaging techniques
- Require that a special synchronized sensory stimulus be repeated many times
- the sensory stimuli result in nearly simultaneous actiity in a large number of closely spaced neurons along a snesory pathway
- signal averaging is based on the principle that noise in the EEG signal is random and will average to zero over time
- what is left is the part o fthe EEG that is dependent on the synchronized stimuli
location of primary biological clock
- suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothlamus
describe melatonin
- Melatonin is released from the pineal gland (increased secretions as light decreases)
- It is thought that melatonin helps modulate the brainstem circuits that control the sleep-wake cycle
