Sleep Flashcards
What are the 4 stages of sleep?
1- Light sleep
2- Sleep
3&4- Deep slow wave sleep
REM- dreaming
How do you investigate sleep?
Polysomgram: EEG ECG Breathing patterns EMG- muscle movements Video camera
What does EEG stand for?
Electroencephalogram
What is the ‘awake rhythm’ when you are awake with eyes closed, on an EEG?
Alpha rhythm
What is the ‘open eyed rhythm’?
Beta rhythm
What is the sleep rhythm in an EEG?
Theta rhythm
What rhythm is seen in slow wave, stage 4 sleep?
Delta rhythm
Good quality
What happens in REM sleep with regards to muscles?
Muscle paralysis
Don’t act out dreams
Dreaming sleep REM rhythm is similar to which rhythm?
The awake rhythm
What parts of the brain are involved in sleep?
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Brainstem
What things are recorded in an polysomnogram?
EEG
ECG
Etc
What does it mean if a patient has delta rhythm whilst awake?
There is something wrong
Maybe tumour or encephalitis
Causes of insomnia
Drugs Stress Depression Brain injury Poor sleep hygiene
What substance helps you sleep?
Melatonin
Suppressed in the light
EDS
Excessive daytime sleepiness
What are the 4 characteristics of narcolepsy?
EDS Cataplexy Sleep paralysis Hypnogogic hallucinations (Vivid dreams as well)
What is cataplexy?
Loss of muscle tone- Antonia
Associated with heightened emotion/emotional arousal- no loss of consciousness, just slump
What hormones are cataplexy patients deficient in?
Why are they deficient?
Hypocretin 1 & 2
Due to immune mediated attack on cells that produce these hormones in hypothalamus
Treatment of narcolepsy
Stimulant- amphetamines & modafonil- stay awake in day
Anti cataplexy
Xyrem- helps sleep at night
Mechanisms of restless leg syndrome?
Iron deficiency
Dopaminergic system
Parasomnia
Abnormal behaviors, movements, emotions, perceptions, dreams
REM & non REM (NREM)
Do night terrors occur in REM or NREM sleep?
Non REM
What occurs in REM sleep behaviour disorders?
Acting out dreams
How do you treat obstructive sleep apnoea?
CPAP
Mask around nose & mouth
Creates enough positive pressure to keep airway open
Hynogogic
Dropping off to sleep
Hypnopompic
Waking up
