Sleep

Question 1

Stage 1

Answer 1

theta waves

Question 2

Stage 2

Answer 2

has sleep spindles and k-complexes

Question 3

Awake/Alert

Answer 3

beta waves

Question 4

Relaxed/Drowsy

Answer 4

alpha waves

Question 5

Stage 3

Answer 5

Sleep Spindles and K-Complexes
- delta waves

Question 6

Stage 4

Answer 6

delta waves

Question 7

REM Sleep

Answer 7

rapid eye movement
- when most dreaming occurs
- loss of muscle tone (REM atone) which limits the ability to move
- suspension of homeostasis = increased variability in thermoregulation, respiration, circulation, and other functions

Question 8

Circadian Rhythms

Answer 8

cycles of metabolic and behavioural processes which correspond to the rotation of the earth
- wakefulness is maintained by the brainstem and hypothalamus, and inhibition by a different part of the hypothalamus produces sleep

Question 9

Nocturnal

Answer 9

awake at night, asleep during the day
- BATS, OWLS, RACOONS

Question 9

Diurnal

Answer 9

awake during the day, asleep at night
- HUMANS

Question 10

Crepuscular

Answer 10

awake at twilight (dawn and dusk), asleep at night and during the day
- CATS, RABBITS, FOXES

Question 11

Cathemeral

Answer 11

irregular, frequent, or seasonally based cycles
- LIONS, LEMURS, COYOTES

Question 12

Sleep Homeostasis

Answer 12

if you prevent them from sleeping, they will sleep longer to “make-up” the lost sleep

Question 13

Unihemispheric Sleep

Answer 13

the ability to sleep one cortical hemisphere at a time, to facilitate breathing and avoid predation
ie; dolphins and birds

Question 14

Parasomnia

Answer 14

abnormalities in their experiences of sleep, which may or may not be of medical concern

Question 15

Nightmare Disorder

Answer 15

repeated nightmares which impede quality sleep via awakenings and an inability to fall back asleep -> daytime sleepiness and impaired cognition

Question 16

Night Terrors

Answer 16

intense expressions of terror and physiological arousal during sleep

Question 17

Somnambulism (Sleepwalking)

Answer 17

getting out of bed and walking around while you sleep

Question 18

Dyssomnia

Answer 18

disturbances in falling asleep, remaining asleep, or of excess sleepiness

Question 19

Hypersomnia

Answer 19

excessive sleep

Question 20

Non-24 Hour Sleep-Wake

Answer 20

when one’s circadian rhythm does not equal 24 hours
- very rare in sighted people but more common in vision impaired individuals

Question 21

Irregular sleep-wake rhythm

Answer 21

no discernible pattern to sleep and wakefulness
- typically only seen in people with serous brain injuries or neurodegeneration

Question 22

Sleep Apnea

Answer 22

disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep
- frequent waking, low-quality sleep, daytime sleepiness, headaches, low concentration, irritability

Question 23

Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Answer 23

when the thought relaxes and blocks the airway

Question 24

Central Sleep Apnea

Answer 24

when the brain ceases to communicate with the muscles that control breathing

Question 25

Melatonin

Answer 25

hormone secreted at night by th spinal gland, which helps tp regulate sleep-wake cycles and produces sleepiness

Question 26

Insomnia Treatment

Answer 26

hypnotics ie; barbiturates and benzos

Sedatives ie; opiates, anesthetics, anti-depressants, anti-histamines

Question 27

Treating Narcolepsy

Answer 27

stimulants and anti-depressants (for cataplexy)

Question 28

Treating Sleep Apnea

Answer 28

changes in sleep position or CPAP