Mood and Mood Disorders Flashcards
Mood
also known as affect
- longer duration than emotion; less intense and less directly related to external stimuli
Basic Emotion Theory
classifies emotions into a small number of basic categories
- more specific feelings ie; rage, contempt, indignant etc. are clustered within one of these categories
- basic emotions map on to specific facial expression and body language
Valence-Arousal Model
claims that emotion can be divided into two dimension: valence and arousal
Valence
aka affect; whether the emotion is positive or negative
Valence-Arousal Model Closest to Reality
very high or very low valence is associated with high arousal
- neutral valence is associated with low arousal
- V SHAPE
Why people experience emotion?
- linking the body to the world to create meaning
- regulating action
- communication
- social influence
Emotion and Cognition
evidence shows that emotion affects cognition
- regions of the brain responsible for emotion and cognition overlap and interact
- shared resources
- effects on motivation
Dual-Competition Theory
if emotion and cognition share neural resources, and if these resources are limited, then emotion and cognition will compete for the use of these resources
- depends on how arousing the emotion is and whether the emotion is task-relevant
- emotion can enhance or impair performance depending on how it interacts with cognitive control processes
Thought-Action Repertoire
people experiencing positive affect are more flexible, creative, and accepting in terms of their thinking and behaviour
- they can imagine more possibilities and consider more options
Shielding
the ability to shield a cognitive process or task from distraction
- positive emotions seems to weaken this
Shifting
the ability to respond to new information and switch processing/tasks
- positive emotions make this easier
Depression
lack of motivation, negative self-view, sense of hopelessness, extreme pessimism, sleep and appetite disturbances
Major Depressive Disorder
presence of major depressive episodes
- no pattern of mania or hypomania
Persistant Depressive Disorder
person experiences the symptoms of major or mild depression for at least 2 years
- significant distress or impairment
- no history of mania or hypomania
Depression: Psychodynamic
freud argued that depression represented a subjective loss of self, caused by an objective loss of something we had some to identify with
Existentialism
depression is due to a loss of meaning
Depression: Cog Behav
depression creates a feedback loop where the consequences of self-criticism, pessimism etc. enhance those processes
- a therapist here might introduce patients to constructive and rewarding activities that they wouldn’t seek out themselves
- idea is that making progress and achieving things is rewarding, which generates positive mood and undercuts negative thinking
Cognitive Therapy
depression is due to ‘negative thinking not negative feelings
- based on stoicism, CBT emphasizes that our feelings/experiences are not inherently good or bad, it’s what we do with them that matters
- our psychological condition is due to our beliefs/judgements about a situation, not the situation itself
- viewing events and beliefs as separate allows for emotional distance and prevents catastrophizing
Depression: Biological Model
- genetic factors
- neurochemical factors (serotonin, norepinephrine, and glutamate)
MAOI’s
used for depression treatment
- inhibit production of MAO enzymes which bred down certain neurotransmitters (serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine)
- causes them to break down slower
Tricyclics and Second Generation Antidepressants
inhibit re-uptake of select neurotransmitters
- increases availability in the synapses
Neurobiological Surgeries
neural stimulation ie; ECT or TMS
Ketamine for Depression
ketamine is an anaesthetic drug which appears to increase the availability of glutamate
Bipolar Disorder
depression + mania
Mania
extreme or prolonged increase in affect and arousal
- euphoria, desire for attention and socilization, poor judgement, optimism, little sleep, rapid speech
- at it’s most severe, it can cause psychosis (delusions and hallucinations)
Bipolar 1 Disorder
at least one episode of mania + major depression
Bipolar 2 Disorder
at least one episode of hypomania + major depression
Hypomania
less severe form of mania which does not significantly impair functioning
Cyclothymia
hypomania + mild depression
Euthymia
stable mood
Mixed Episode
when an individual experiences mixed features of both depression and mania at the same time
Rapid Cycling
when patients experience several cycles of mania and depression within a year
Bipolar Disorder Treatment
- mood stabilizers (lithium)
- anti-pyschotics
- anti-seizure medication
= psychotherapy or family therapy to manage stress, identify episodes, and maintain ones general health and lifestyle
Medication for BPD are generally more effective in treating ___________ symptoms
(hypo-)manic symptoms
