Mood and Mood Disorders

Question 1

Mood

Answer 1

also known as affect
- longer duration than emotion; less intense and less directly related to external stimuli

Question 2

Basic Emotion Theory

Answer 2

classifies emotions into a small number of basic categories
- more specific feelings ie; rage, contempt, indignant etc. are clustered within one of these categories
- basic emotions map on to specific facial expression and body language

Question 3

Valence-Arousal Model

Answer 3

claims that emotion can be divided into two dimension: valence and arousal

Question 4

Valence

Answer 4

aka affect; whether the emotion is positive or negative

Question 5

Valence-Arousal Model Closest to Reality

Answer 5

very high or very low valence is associated with high arousal
- neutral valence is associated with low arousal
- V SHAPE

Question 6

Why people experience emotion?

Answer 6

• linking the body to the world to create meaning
• regulating action
• communication
• social influence

Question 7

Emotion and Cognition

Answer 7

evidence shows that emotion affects cognition
- regions of the brain responsible for emotion and cognition overlap and interact
- shared resources
- effects on motivation

Question 8

Dual-Competition Theory

Answer 8

if emotion and cognition share neural resources, and if these resources are limited, then emotion and cognition will compete for the use of these resources
- depends on how arousing the emotion is and whether the emotion is task-relevant
- emotion can enhance or impair performance depending on how it interacts with cognitive control processes

Question 9

Thought-Action Repertoire

Answer 9

people experiencing positive affect are more flexible, creative, and accepting in terms of their thinking and behaviour
- they can imagine more possibilities and consider more options

Question 10

Shielding

Answer 10

the ability to shield a cognitive process or task from distraction
- positive emotions seems to weaken this

Question 11

Shifting

Answer 11

the ability to respond to new information and switch processing/tasks
- positive emotions make this easier

Question 12

Depression

Answer 12

lack of motivation, negative self-view, sense of hopelessness, extreme pessimism, sleep and appetite disturbances

Question 13

Major Depressive Disorder

Answer 13

presence of major depressive episodes
- no pattern of mania or hypomania

Question 14

Persistant Depressive Disorder

Answer 14

person experiences the symptoms of major or mild depression for at least 2 years
- significant distress or impairment
- no history of mania or hypomania

Question 15

Depression: Psychodynamic

Answer 15

freud argued that depression represented a subjective loss of self, caused by an objective loss of something we had some to identify with

Question 16

Existentialism

Answer 16

depression is due to a loss of meaning

Question 17

Depression: Cog Behav

Answer 17

depression creates a feedback loop where the consequences of self-criticism, pessimism etc. enhance those processes
- a therapist here might introduce patients to constructive and rewarding activities that they wouldn’t seek out themselves
- idea is that making progress and achieving things is rewarding, which generates positive mood and undercuts negative thinking

Question 18

Cognitive Therapy

Answer 18

depression is due to ‘negative thinking not negative feelings
- based on stoicism, CBT emphasizes that our feelings/experiences are not inherently good or bad, it’s what we do with them that matters
- our psychological condition is due to our beliefs/judgements about a situation, not the situation itself
- viewing events and beliefs as separate allows for emotional distance and prevents catastrophizing

Question 19

Depression: Biological Model

Answer 19

• genetic factors
• neurochemical factors (serotonin, norepinephrine, and glutamate)

Question 20

MAOI’s

Answer 20

used for depression treatment
- inhibit production of MAO enzymes which bred down certain neurotransmitters (serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine)
- causes them to break down slower

Question 21

Tricyclics and Second Generation Antidepressants

Answer 21

inhibit re-uptake of select neurotransmitters
- increases availability in the synapses

Question 22

Neurobiological Surgeries

Answer 22

neural stimulation ie; ECT or TMS

Question 23

Ketamine for Depression

Answer 23

ketamine is an anaesthetic drug which appears to increase the availability of glutamate

Question 24

Bipolar Disorder

Answer 24

depression + mania

Question 25

Mania

Answer 25

extreme or prolonged increase in affect and arousal
- euphoria, desire for attention and socilization, poor judgement, optimism, little sleep, rapid speech
- at it’s most severe, it can cause psychosis (delusions and hallucinations)

Question 26

Bipolar 1 Disorder

Answer 26

at least one episode of mania + major depression

Question 27

Bipolar 2 Disorder

Answer 27

at least one episode of hypomania + major depression

Question 28

Hypomania

Answer 28

less severe form of mania which does not significantly impair functioning

Question 29

Cyclothymia

Answer 29

hypomania + mild depression

Question 30

Euthymia

Answer 30

stable mood

Question 31

Mixed Episode

Answer 31

when an individual experiences mixed features of both depression and mania at the same time

Question 32

Rapid Cycling

Answer 32

when patients experience several cycles of mania and depression within a year

Question 33

Bipolar Disorder Treatment

Answer 33

• mood stabilizers (lithium)
• anti-pyschotics
• anti-seizure medication
  = psychotherapy or family therapy to manage stress, identify episodes, and maintain ones general health and lifestyle

Question 34

Medication for BPD are generally more effective in treating ___________ symptoms

Answer 34

(hypo-)manic symptoms