sleep Flashcards
Recuperation Theory
Physiological Restoration:
- Cellular Repair and Growth
- Energy Conservation
Neural and Cognitive Functions:
- Memory Consolidation
- Brain Detoxification
Physiological Restoration: Recuperation Theory
Cellular Repair and Growth
Energy Conservation
Neural and Cognitive Functions: Recuperation Theory
Memory Consolidation
Brain Detoxification
Adaptation Theory
Predation Avoidance:
- Nocturnal Sleep for Predator Avoidance
Energy Conservation:
- Efficient Resource Allocation
Critical Evaluation of Recuperation Theory
Emphasizes physiological restoration and cognitive functions.
Aligns with evidence on cellular repair and memory consolidation.
Critical Evaluation of Adaptation Theory
Highlights evolutionary advantages.
Emphasizes adaptive functions like predation avoidance and energy conservation.
how many stages is sleep
4
What are the distinct stages of sleep identified by?
Distinct EEG and EMG patterns
How does REM sleep differ from other stages?
differs in EMG characteristics
stages of sleep
stage 1: high frequency EEG
stage 2: EEG frequency decreases
stage 3: further decrease of EEG frequency
stage 4: delta waves predominate
Memory consolidation
stabilizing and strengthening newly acquired information, making it more resistant to forgetting/ During consolidation, synaptic connections are reinforced, and neural pathways are solidified, enhancing the retention of memories.
Implications for Research
Need for a comprehensive understanding
Ongoing quest for understanding sleep’s ultimate purpose
Research frontiers in neuroscience and evolutionary biology
stage 1 of sleep
similar to wakefulness/ lasts around 10 mins
What happens during stage 2 of sleep?
EEG frequency decreases, slower waves, lasts around 20 minutes, sleep spindles, and K-complexes
What did research show about the relationship between sleep spindles and performance on a learning task?
more sleep spindles, better performance
What are sleep spindles?
Short bursts of brain activity during stage 2 sleep
What are the characteristics of Stage 3 of sleep?
Delta waves, normal muscle tone
What is another name for Stages 3 & 4 of sleep?
Slow wave sleep
What are the characteristics of Stage 4 of sleep?
Delta waves, normal muscle tone, 30 minutes
How long does each cycle of stages last?
around 90 minutes
How many cycles of stages occur per night?
Around five cycles
What are ultradian rhythms?
Repeated cycles/rhythms
what does REM stand for?
Rapid eye movement
Where do 80% of all dreams occur?
REM sleep
What is the loss of normal muscle tone during REM sleep called?
Muscle atonia
When was REM sleep discovered?
1950’s Paradoxical sleep: EEG signature of wakefulness (high-frequency waves) Accompanied by rapid eye movements & dreaming (Aserinsky & Kleitman, 1955; Dement & Kleitman, 1957) 24
What is the EEG signature of REM sleep?
High-frequency waves
What accompanies REM sleep?
Rapid eye movements & dreaming
What is the hypothesis regarding REM sleep and dreaming?
Association between REM sleep and dreaming, Association between duration of REM period and perceived duration of dream
What was the method used in the study of REM sleep and dreaming- Dement & Kleitman (1957)
n = 9 (2 female) spent a night in a sleep laboratory, PSG, Woken at intervals to report on dreaming
What were the results of the study by Dement & Kleitman, 1957?
Participants had higher rates of dream recall following REM awakenings
How were participants’ eye movements related to the visual content of their dreams?
Direction of eye movements related to visual content of the dream
