sleep Flashcards

1
Q

Recuperation Theory

A

Physiological Restoration:
- Cellular Repair and Growth
- Energy Conservation
Neural and Cognitive Functions:
- Memory Consolidation
- Brain Detoxification

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2
Q

Physiological Restoration: Recuperation Theory

A

Cellular Repair and Growth
Energy Conservation

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3
Q

Neural and Cognitive Functions: Recuperation Theory

A

Memory Consolidation
Brain Detoxification

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4
Q

Adaptation Theory

A

Predation Avoidance:
- Nocturnal Sleep for Predator Avoidance
Energy Conservation:
- Efficient Resource Allocation

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5
Q

Critical Evaluation of Recuperation Theory

A

Emphasizes physiological restoration and cognitive functions.
Aligns with evidence on cellular repair and memory consolidation.

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6
Q

Critical Evaluation of Adaptation Theory

A

Highlights evolutionary advantages.
Emphasizes adaptive functions like predation avoidance and energy conservation.

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7
Q

how many stages is sleep

A

4

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8
Q

What are the distinct stages of sleep identified by?

A

Distinct EEG and EMG patterns

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9
Q

How does REM sleep differ from other stages?

A

differs in EMG characteristics

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10
Q

stages of sleep

A

stage 1: high frequency EEG
stage 2: EEG frequency decreases
stage 3: further decrease of EEG frequency
stage 4: delta waves predominate

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11
Q

Memory consolidation

A

stabilizing and strengthening newly acquired information, making it more resistant to forgetting/ During consolidation, synaptic connections are reinforced, and neural pathways are solidified, enhancing the retention of memories.

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12
Q

Implications for Research

A

Need for a comprehensive understanding
Ongoing quest for understanding sleep’s ultimate purpose
Research frontiers in neuroscience and evolutionary biology

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13
Q

stage 1 of sleep

A

similar to wakefulness/ lasts around 10 mins

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14
Q

What happens during stage 2 of sleep?

A

EEG frequency decreases, slower waves, lasts around 20 minutes, sleep spindles, and K-complexes

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15
Q

What did research show about the relationship between sleep spindles and performance on a learning task?

A

more sleep spindles, better performance

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16
Q

What are sleep spindles?

A

Short bursts of brain activity during stage 2 sleep

17
Q

What are the characteristics of Stage 3 of sleep?

A

Delta waves, normal muscle tone

18
Q

What is another name for Stages 3 & 4 of sleep?

A

Slow wave sleep

19
Q

What are the characteristics of Stage 4 of sleep?

A

Delta waves, normal muscle tone, 30 minutes

20
Q

How long does each cycle of stages last?

A

around 90 minutes

21
Q

How many cycles of stages occur per night?

A

Around five cycles

22
Q

What are ultradian rhythms?

A

Repeated cycles/rhythms

23
Q

what does REM stand for?

A

Rapid eye movement

24
Q

Where do 80% of all dreams occur?

25
What is the loss of normal muscle tone during REM sleep called?
Muscle atonia
26
When was REM sleep discovered?
1950’s Paradoxical sleep: EEG signature of wakefulness (high-frequency waves) Accompanied by rapid eye movements & dreaming (Aserinsky & Kleitman, 1955; Dement & Kleitman, 1957) 24
27
What is the EEG signature of REM sleep?
High-frequency waves
28
What accompanies REM sleep?
Rapid eye movements & dreaming
29
What is the hypothesis regarding REM sleep and dreaming?
Association between REM sleep and dreaming, Association between duration of REM period and perceived duration of dream
30
What was the method used in the study of REM sleep and dreaming- Dement & Kleitman (1957)
n = 9 (2 female) spent a night in a sleep laboratory, PSG, Woken at intervals to report on dreaming
31
What were the results of the study by Dement & Kleitman, 1957?
Participants had higher rates of dream recall following REM awakenings
32
How were participants' eye movements related to the visual content of their dreams?
Direction of eye movements related to visual content of the dream