Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

biological bases of behaviour > brain damage and recovery > Flashcards

brain damage and recovery Flashcards

1
Q

what protects the CNS?

A

bone (skull and spinal vertebrae)/ blood brain barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what can cause damage to the CNS?

A

injury/disease/ age-related changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

who studies brain damage?

A

Clinical neuropsychologists/ Physiological psychologists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

why study brain damage?

A

Increases our understanding of normal brain function/ to develop new treatments for brain damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

traumatic brain injury

A

Brain becomes injured by some external mechanical force/ closed head injury: skull not compromised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

contusion

A

closed head injury, damage to cerebral circulatory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

concussion

A

Disturbed consciousness but no obvious structural damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

contusion symptoms

A
  • loses consciousness
  • memory loss
  • problems with coordination
  • changes in behaviour/ personality
  • trouble with speech or vision
  • There are instances where seizure occurs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

concussion symptoms

A
  • Loss of consciousness is one of the immediate symptoms of a concussion
  • tinnitus
  • headaches
  • dizziness
  • slurred speech
  • sensitivity to light
  • changes In personality
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Diffuse Axonal Brain Injury

A

Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI) is a traumatic brain injury
Caused by rapid movement of the brain in the skull
where parts of the brain shift during injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Diffuse Axonal Brain Injury causes

A

axons rip apart/ neutrons die due to toxic levels of neurotransmitters released/ severe DAI is clinically characterised by a coma lasting 6+ hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

chronic traumatic encephalopathy

A

A neurodegenerative disorder arising from multiple blows to the head/ protein called Tau forms clumps that slowly spread throughout the brain, killing brain cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

tumours

A

A cancerous mass of cells/ Meningiomas grow between the meninges of the brain
and encapsulates tumours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Meningiomas

A

Easy to identify on a CT scan / They cause symptoms by applying pressure on surrounding areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Infiltrating Tumours

A

not encapsulated and grow diffusely through surrounding tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

metastatic tumours

A

tumour that spreads from one area to the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

disease and brain damage

A

cerebrovascular events such as stroke/ neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimers disease, Parkinson’s, other dementias..

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

stroke

A

Sudden cerebrovascular events that cause brain damage/ 10,000 cases a year in Irish population: of these, 2,000 will die

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

types of strokes

A

Cerebral Haemorrhage (e.g. Aneurysm)/ cerebral ischaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cerebral Haemmorhage (e.g. Aneurysm)

A

Ruptured blood vessel bleeds into the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Cerebral Ischaemia

A

Disrupted blood flow to an area of the brain/
Thrombosis: clot forms, blocks blood flow
Embolism: Clot travels from a larger vessel
Arteriosclerosis: Thickened artery walls prevent blood travelling

22
Q

Thrombosis

A

clot forms, blocks blood flow

23
Q

embolism

A

clot travels from a larger vessel

24
Q

Ischaemic Damage

A

Once ischaemia begins, it is important to receive treatment FAST/ Can take up to two days for damage to fully stop because of Toxic Glutamate Cascade

25
Ischaemic Cascade and Treatment
Aspirin can prevent or reduce clotting/ Stroke prevention shown to be more successful than treatment
26
impacts of stroke, depends on location of penumbra
right hemisphere: left side of body damaged left hemisphere: right side of body damaged, speech disorders
27
impact of stroke
amnesia aphasia - affects 1/3 stroke patients paralysis coma
28
Recovery following Stroke
Age, education level, type and severity of stroke all predict recovery/ individuals who have large language-related white matter tracts in the contralateral hemisphere recover faster
29
Neurodegenerative Diseases
A range of diseases that affect neurons/ Progressive/ incurable/ result in death or degeneration of neurons
30
Alzheimer’s Disease
Progressive neurodegenerative disorder/ Cognitive impairment, mostly memory-related
31
Alzheimer’s Disease progress
gradual – typically patients live 8-10 years following diagnosis
32
Alzheimer Pathology
- Amyloid plaques - Neurofibrillary tangles clumps of protein that clog up the brain causing neuronal death
33
How do we diagnose Alzheimer’s disease?
Plaques and tangles lead to neurodegeneration – cortical thinning, enlargening of ventricles, loss of volume/ hippocampus especially affected
34
PET to conform diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease
Positron emission tomography (PET) can measure amount of amyloid plaque in the brain
35
The Cognitive Reserve Hypothesis
Stern (2002, 2009): Some individuals are “protected” against AD pathology because of their Cognitive Reserve
36
How does Cognitive Reserve work?
Greater levels of cognitive stimulation result in more effective use of neural networks despite damage
37
Cognitive Reserve and Alzheimer’s Disease Progression
AD patients with higher CR remained cognitively intact for longer than those with lower CR despite having same amount of AD pathology (Vemuri et al., 2001)
38
The Rush Religious Orders Study
- from 1994 to 2011 - Cohort study of nuns and priests who agreed to donate their brains at death - They had amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles despite not having dementia! (Bennett et al., 2006) - Can amyloid plaques then be reliably used as a diagnostic for AD?
39
Neural Degeneration
Progressive cell death
40
Anterode degeneration
Distal (far) part of neuron dies
41
Retrograde degeneration
Proximal (near) part of neuron dies
42
Transneuronal degeneration
Degeneration spread from damaged neurons via synapse to other neurons
43
Neurodegeneration in disease
Occurs in: Alzheimer’s disease Parkinson’s disease Multiple sclerosis Schizophrenia Stroke
44
Ateophy
Tissue loss
45
What can Myelin can be damaged by?
Stroke Inflammation Immune disorders Metabolic disorders Nutritional deficiencies Poisions Drugs (ethambutol)
46
Multiple sclerosis
Condition of central nervous system/ immune attack on myelin causing loss of movement, sensation, feelings of pain and vision
47
How do we treat nervous system damage?
Blocking neurodegeneration/ promoting CNS regeneration/ rehabilitation
48
Blocking neurodegeneration
Apoptosis inhibitor protein- prevents further neuronal loss ( rat hippocampus, 1999) / nerve growth factors
49
the insights gained from studying different of brain damage.
Studying different forms of brain damage provides valuable perspectives on normal brain function.
50
motor Impairments from stroke
stroke can cause damage to specific areas of the brain responsible for motor control, such as the primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, and supplementary motor area. The disruption of these regions can result in motor impairments, including weakness, paralysis, and difficulties in initiating or coordinating movements. Benjamin et al.'s (2020)
51
What are the cognitive consequences of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) according to Smith et al. (2017)?
Memory impairments, attention deficits, and impacts on executive functions.
52
How do findings from studying brain damage contribute to understanding normal brain function?
Findings from studying brain damage provide insights into the vital role cognitive functions play in everyday activities and offer a lens to appreciate the normal functioning of the brain.

biological bases of behaviour (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions