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biological bases of behaviour > Brain And Perception 1 > Flashcards

Brain And Perception 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How Many Senses do we Have?

A

1.Vision
2.Audition (hearing)
3.Touch
4.Taste
5.Smell
6.Proprioception/ Vestibular perception

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2
Q

Features of All Sensory Systems

A

energy into electricity/ require neurons/ have receptive field/ Sensory neurons react to environmental stimuli by
firing action potential/ create a sensory relay

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3
Q

Principles of sensation

A

1.Hierarchical organisation
2.Functional segregation
3. Parallel processing
4.Multisensory integration

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4
Q

Hierarchical organisation - principles of sensation

A

processing becomes more complex & specific the further up the sensory pathways we go

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5
Q

Functional Segregation - principles of sensation

A

Primary, secondary, and association cortex take care of different functions across all senses

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6
Q

Parallel Processing - principles of sensation

A

Signals are processed in parallel across multiple pathways – some pathways are in consciousness, some are not

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7
Q

Multisensory Integration - principles of sensation

A

Our brain can integrate information across two or more sensory systems

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8
Q

Sensation

A

the process of detecting the presence of stimuli

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9
Q

Perception

A

the higher-order process of integrating, recognising and interpreting complete patters of sensations

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10
Q

Visual sensation

A

Humans are vision-dominant.
Vision involves converting light energy into electricity for the brain to comprehend.
Humans can process lightwaves with a wavelength of 380-760nm.

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11
Q

Association Cortex

A

The association cortex, distributed across many brain parts, has its largest single section situated in the parietal lobe.

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12
Q

Secondary Visual Cortex

A

The secondary visual cortex consists of two areas, one surrounding the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe and another in the temporal lobe.

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13
Q

Primary Visual Cortex

A

The primary visual cortex, responsible for initial visual processing, is located in the occipital lobe.

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14
Q

Brain Areas and Vision

A

Areas of the brain associated with vision are the occipital lobe (primary role), as well as the temporal and parietal lobes.

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15
Q

Vision Dominance

A

Humans are vision-dominant.

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16
Q

Vision Process

A

Vision involves converting light energy into electricity for the brain to understand.

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17
Q

Light Processing Range

A

Humans can process lightwaves with a wavelength of 380-760nm.

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18
Q

Cortical Neurons and Visual Field

A

Each point in your visual field has a corresponding cortical neuron that fires only when something appears in its visual field.

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19
Q

Pupil Adjustment

A

The pupil adjusts to the amount of light in the environment. In bright conditions, it constricts, providing great acuity (detail). In dim conditions, it dilates, resulting in lower acuity

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20
Q

Accomadation

A

The lens, situated behind the pupil, focuses light onto the retina through a process called accommodation.

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21
Q

Depth Perception

A

Allows us to perceive depth through binocular disparity. Monocular cues provide information about size and shape in depth perception.

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22
Q

Binocular Vision

A

Binocular vision compares input from both eyes to create the perception of depth, known as stereopsis.

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23
Q

Shape Constancy

A

Shape constancy enables seeing an object with a constant shape from different angles. Both eyes contribute, recognizing a single shape and creating stereopsis—the impression of depth.

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24
Q

How is depth perceived

A

Depth is perceived when visual stimuli from each eye are compared binocularly, using both eyes to assess factors such as distance, size, or shape.

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25
Q

Retinal Pathway

A
  • Light hits the back of the eye (retina).
    • Retina contains visual receptors (receptor cells)
    • Information from receptor cells is sent to bipolar cells.
    • Bipolar cells transmit their messages to ganglion cells.
    • Ganglion cells’ axons join together and travel back to the brain.
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26
Q

Foveal Fixation

A

When focusing, stimuli are fixated on the fovea, the central part of the retina.

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27
Q

Fovea Specialization

A

Fovea is specialized for focus and detail in vision.

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28
Q

Foveal Connection to Brain

A

Each foveal receptor connects directly to a bipolar cell, and each bipolar cell connects directly to a ganglion cell.

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29
Q

Peripheral vision - retina

A

Towards the periphery of the retina, multiple receptor cells converge onto bipolar and ganglion cells/ Peripheral vision is less detailed due to this convergence.

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30
Q

What are the visual receptor cells? – also referred to as photoreceptors

A

Visual receptor cells, also known as photoreceptors, include two types: rods and cones.

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31
Q

Rods (Photoreceptors)

A

■ Most numerous
■ Especially in the periphery of retina
■Operate in dim light
■Lack colour and detail processing – high sensitivity, low acuity
■Many rods converge onto a single retinal ganglion cell via a rod bipolar cell

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32
Q

Photoreceptors: Cones

A

■Less numerous – but more concentrated in and near the fovea.
■Operate in bright light
■Process colour information – high acuity
■Only a few cones converge onto a single retinal ganglion cell via a cone bipolar cell

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33
Q

rhodopsin

A

In rods, the pigment (chemical) is called rhodopsin

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34
Q

photopsin

A

In cones (which are responsible for colour information), the pigment is called photopsin

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35
Q

Missing Photopsin

A

If you are missing photopsin, the ability to process color information would likely be impaired, affecting color vision

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36
Q

The Retinal Ganglion Cells

A

M cells (magnocellular)
P cells (parvo cellular)

37
Q

M cells (magnocellular) - The Retinal Ganglion Cells

A

–Specialised for motion detection
–Larger and more sparse than P cells
–Large receptive field
–Across retina

38
Q

P cells (parvocellular) - The Retinal Ganglion Cells

A

–Specialised for object detection and colour sensitivity
–Smaller and more numerous than M cells
–Small receptive field
–Near fovea

39
Q

Ganglion Connection

A

Ganglions connect to the brain through axons forming the optic nerve.

40
Q

The Retinal Ganglion Cells function

A

The two kinds of ganglions carry parallel channels of information via the thalamus to the visual cortex

41
Q

Cortical Visual Processing

A

Visual pathways bring information to the cortex

42
Q

Primary Visual Cortex (V1)

A

Also known as Brodmann Area 17/ Receives majority of projections from the lateral geniculate nuclei/ Conducts simple processing before forwarding information to secondary visual areas.

43
Q

Secondary Visual Cortex (V2-V5)

A

Comprises areas V2 through V5/ involved in further visual processing beyond the primary visual cortex.

44
Q

Association Cortex

A

Found in regions of the parietal and temporal cortex/ Contributes to higher-order processing in visual perception.

45
Q

Two Types of Cells Based on Receptive Fields

A

On-centre cells: Fire if the center of their receptive field is stimulated.
Off-centre cells: Fire if the peripheries of their receptive field are stimulated.

46
Q

Receptive Fields

A

In the context of vision, it’s the area in the visual field that can excite or inhibit a neuron’s activity.

47
Q

Receptive field of a rod or cone

A

The receptive field of a rod or cone is the point in space from which light strikes the cell.

48
Q

Hubel & Wiesel (1959) experiment

A

Hubel & Wiesel (1959) implanted electrodes into single cells in the retinas, lateral geniculate nuclei, and visual cortex of cats

49
Q

Three main types of cells in the interblobs

A

Simple cells
Complex cells
Hypercomplex or end-stopped cells

50
Q

Simple Cells

A

■Respond to orientation
■They have fixed receptive fields of on and off regions in straight lines
■Tilting or moving light source = decreased response

51
Q

Complex cells in V1, V2

A

■ Bar-shaped receptive fields
■No fixed field
■Strongest response to a moving stimulus

52
Q

Cell response in one location only

A

Simple cell

53
Q

Cell response across a large area

A

complex cell

54
Q

End-stopped or Hypercomplex Cells

A

■Strong inhibitory/off area at one end of its bar-shaped receptive field
■Response to moving bars with particular orientations provided the bar does not extend past a certain point
■“End-stopped” - decrease firing in response to larger stimuli

55
Q

What happens after V1?

A

■Information goes from V1 to secondary visual cortex (V2)
■V2: orientation, spatial frequency, and colour; also binocular disparity, and figure-ground distinction
■Gets transported to additional areas for specialised processing

56
Q

Colour vision

A

■Starts in cones in retina – three types of cones
■Damage to V4: colour consistency is affected
■Processes apparent colour rather than actual colour

57
Q

Colour consistency

A

Colour consistency refers to our ability to perceive colours as relatively constant over varying illuminations (i.e light sources)

58
Q

Ventral stream

A

Responsible for conscious perception/ goes through temporal cortex

59
Q

Two main pathways from V2

A
  1. Ventral stream
  2. Dorsal stream
60
Q

dorsal stream

A

■ specialised for MOTION – it is the WHERE/HOW stream
■ allows us to visually control our actions and behaviour (Milner & Goodale, 1992)

61
Q

Specialised Visual Perception

A

■ Inferior temporal cortex cells respond to meaningful objects
■Fusiform Gyrus cells: respond to faces
■Extrastriate body area: responds to bodies

62
Q

Facial recognition

A

Particular regions of the visual cortex are specialised for processing special visual features.

63
Q

What parts of brain is facial recognition dependent

A

occipital face area/ amygdala/ fusiform gyrus

64
Q

Occipital face area - facial recognition

A

responds strongly to the eyes and mouth

65
Q

Fusiform gyrus - facial recognition

A

Fusiform gyrus responds strongly to a face viewed from any angle, as well as drawings and other stimuli that look like faces.

66
Q

damage to the fusiform facial area

A

Prosopagnosia – the inability to recognise faces

67
Q

What is somatosensation?

A

sensations of touch/ also sensations of temperature and pain.

68
Q

The Somatosensory Submodalities

A
  1. The exteroceptive system (external stimuli)
  2. The interoceptive system (internal stimuli)
  3. The proprioreceptive system (position of body)
69
Q

The Exteroceptive System

A

■senses external stimuli applied to the skin
■three different divisions which sense touch, temperature and pain

70
Q

The Interoceptive System

A

Provides information about physiological conditions inside the body/ Associated with the functioning of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

71
Q

The Proprioreceptive System

A

Monitors information about the position of the body that comes from receptors in the muscles, joints and organs of balance/ sent to the parietal cortex of the brain

72
Q

four main kinds of receptors in the skin

A
  1. Free nerve endings – sensitive to temperature change and pain
  2. Pacinian corpuscles – respond rapidly to sudden movements on the skin
  3. Merkel’s disks
  4. Ruffini endings- both respond slowly, to pressure and skin stretching respectively
73
Q

The Somatosensory Pathways(2)

A
  1. The dorsal-column medial-lemniscus (DCML) system carries information about fine touch and proprioception
  2. The anterolateral system carries information about pain and temperature
74
Q

The dorsal-column medial-lemniscus (DCML) system

A

The dorsal-column medial-lemniscus (DCML) system tends to carry information about fine touch and proprioception

75
Q

The anterolateral system

A

The anterolateral system tends to carry information about pain and temperature

76
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex

A

Located in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal cortex/ behind the central fissure which divides the frontal lobes from the parietal lobes

77
Q

Secondary Somatosensory Cortex

A

in the parietal cortex/ Somatotopically organised similar to the homunculus in S1

78
Q

Somatosensory Association Cortex

A

In prefrontal and posterior parietal cortex/ integration of somatosensory and visual information

79
Q

S1 and S2 somatosensory areas

A

The input to S1 is contralateral (from the opposite side of the body), S2 is from both sides of the body

80
Q

Somatosensory Agnosias

A

result from brain damage to the parietal cortex

81
Q

Astereognosia - Somatosensory Agnosias

A

Astereognosia is the inability to recognise objects by touch

82
Q

Asomatognosia - Somatosensory Agnosias

A

Asomatognosia is the failure to recognise parts of your own body

83
Q

Principles of Sensation

A

1.Hierarchical Organisation
2.Functional Segregation
3.Parallel Processing
4.Multisensory Integration

84
Q

Principles of Sensation - Hierarchical Organisation

A

processing becomes more complex & specific the further up the sensory pathways we go

85
Q

Principles of Sensation - Functional Segregation

A

Primary, secondary, and association cortex take care of different functions across all senses

86
Q

Principles of sensation - Parallel Processing

A

Signals are processed in parallel across multiple pathways – some pathways are in consciousness, some are not

87
Q

Principles of sensation - Multisensory Integration

A

Our brain can integrate information across two or more sensory systems

88
Q

Sensory Receptors in the Auditory System (the ear)

A

■A specialised sensory receptor
■Turns soundwaves into electrical information
■Pinna (outer ear) reflect incoming sound waves to help identify source location

89
Q

Auditory Sensation

A

Soundwaves enter the ear as long as they are carried by some medium (water, air)

biological bases of behaviour (9 decks)

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