slaughter Flashcards
learn slaughter topics from week 1 VPH
Put these steps of beef production in order …
1antemortem inspection
2hide removal
3stunning
4head removal
5shackling
6sticking/bleeding
7evisceration
8spinal cord removal
9splitting
10trimming
11deboning
12quatering
13marking
14washing (not always)
15chillling
1-3-5-6-4-2-7-9-8-10-13-14-15-12-11
What does evisceration mean ?
to take out internal organs
What does trimming entail ?
remove contamination/pathology
Put these steps of lamb production in the correct order …
1 stunning
2 evisceration
3 antemortem
4 shackling
5 hide removal
6 bleeding
7 splitting ( if over 1 yr)
8 marking
9 washing ( not always )
10 chilling
11 trimming
12 deboning
3-1-4-6-5-2-7-11-8-9-10-12
Put these steps of pork production in order …
1 shackling
2 stunning
3 antemortem
4bleeding
5 polishing
6 singing ( not always )
7dehairing
8 washing
9 scalding
10 washing again
11 evisceration
12 splitting
13 deboning
14 health mark
15 chilling
3-2-1-4-9-7-6-5-8-11-12-10-14-15-13
Definition of stunning
process which is intentionally used to cause loss of consciousness and sensibility without pain (as well as any process resulting in instant death)
What are the aims of stunning ?
-kill/slaughter
-obtain the max amount of blood from the animal - increases keeping quality
-health and safety
What is simple stunning ?
stun animal unconscious but do not instantly kill it ( this should be followed up with process to kill animal before it can recover from consciousness )
Give one example of each - stunning to kill and simple stunning
-gun or rifle
-stun and then bleed or pith immediately after
What is CoC ?
-certificate of competence
-licensing of slaughtermen
Name the different stunning methods
-captive bolt
-electronarcosis
-gas
what phases captive bolt are there ? describe ?
-tonic phase - usually takes 10-20s animal stops breathing , becomes rigid , head extended , legs flexed
-clonic phase - involuntary kicking
-relaxation - walking paddling movements
What signs are you looking for that show a good stun ?
-collapse
- no rhythmic breathing
- fixed glazed expression
-no corneal reflex
-relaxed jaw
-tongue hanging out
Describe captive bolt , what it is ? what it does ? considerations .
what is it ?
can get penetrative or non-penetrative( non penetrative used cattle under 10kg) ,
area for stun for cows cross between eyes and top of ears for sheep more on top and for sheep with horns at angle on top ,stunners not killers , use blank cartridges
what does it do ? - damages , nerves , bv ,rise then fall in pressure , duration depends on severity of damage
considerations ?
need formal training and ov supervision , restraint , correct site , produce full tonic phase , make sure pith or bleed as quick as possible , cleaning and maintenance.
Describe electronarcosis , what it is ? what it does ? considerations .
what is it ?
-electric stunning
what does it do ?
head only stuns is reversible , head-body causes cardiac arrest and is ireversible ( must stun by doing head first never do body first and induce cardiac arrest straight away ), minimum currents for each animal , should have an epileptic fit
epileptic fits - tonic , clonic recovery
considerations .
accurate placement of electrodes
good contact
no more than 15s before sticking
servicing of equipment
operator training
Describe gas stunning , what it is ? what it does ? considerations .
what is it ? - can have inert gases , co2 mixed with inert or just high co2 ,stunning for pigs and poultry
what does it do ?
considerations
certain percentages of conc (80 for co2 , 40 for co2 mix )
when does bleeding occur how does it occur in different species ?
-during tonic phase
-small ruminants : cut neck , jugular
-cattle pigs - thoracic cut , ascending aorta
What does singing do ?
-eliminates remaining hairs
-kills bacteria though this isn’t the primary reason it is conducted
What does polishing do ?
eliminates burned hair and superficial dermis and so improves quality
What is the protocol for shot on farm ?
-FCI is called health declaration
-vet carries out the health declaration and the animal is transported like an emergency slaughter animal to an abattoir for normal dressing
What are some advantages of farmed large game ? e.g wild boar and deer
-avaliability all year round
-have same nutritional values and organoleptic characteristics as the wild-game meat
if wild shot whats the protocol ?
-shot by trained hunter
transported to larder-AGHE-inspected-sold or larder-pub/butcher-sold
What 3 things does a eu health mark have and what does it show ?
-country , producer( 4 numbers ) and european community
-food been produced at current standards of hygenic food production in licensed premises and can be tracked back to that premises
What is the Food business operator (FBO) responsible for in the slaughterhouse ?
animal welfare and food hygiene
What are OV’s responsible for in the slaughter house ?
enforcement of animal welfare and food hygiene legislation
Age of slaughter in cattle , sheep , pig
-18-24months
-6-11months
-24 weeks
Name the transport criteria
-transporter has CoC
-animals must be able to move independently
-no severe open wounds or prolapses
- over 90% pregnant or given birth within 7 days
-newborn without completely healed navel
-pigs less than 3 weeks , lambs less than week , calves less than 10 days if journey 100km
-medicated animals that have not been given withdrawl period
Design , construction and operation of abattoir
- unloading - ramps and railings so animals don’t fall, floor non-slip and side guards -
-sanitary
-clean and disinfect after unloading
-5 freedoms - hunger and thirst ( water refilled animals can reach and can’t foul in them , food only after 12hr or overnight) , discomfort and extreme temp( field lairage have shelter , safe from injuries , secure , adequate ventilation, space should be able to stand up , lie down and turn around ) , pain , suffering disease( AWO ) , express natural behaviour (normal groupings ) and fear and distress( not frighten or excite when moving , avoid using electric shock )
-made so easy to clean - cleanable materials
-made so animals easily go through system
-humane slaughter methods
-check paperwork , FCI
What is FCI ? How is it used ?
-shows animals health and welfare for example ; animals health status , any meds and withdrawl periods
-needed for every animal intended for human consumption
-FBO can’t accept animal without it
- OV can’t authorise animal for slaughter without it
What information is the minimum required from FCI ?
-animal health status
-holding health status
-medicines and withdrawl periods
-private vet details if poultry or pigs
-relevant production data ,diseases and analysis
If find disease after post mortem that might effect public or animal health or compromise animal welfare at post mortem . what do you do ?
inform FBO of origin , Private vet and where appropriate the competent authority e.g DEFRA
what is farmed gain?
traditionally wild animals kept as domestic animals e.g farmed deer , wild boar kept as domestic animals
What is wild game ?
have been living in wild e.g birds
FCI for wild and farmed game
-if killed abattoir same as cattle FCI
-needed for farmed game - if killed at farm =health certificate
-if wild game don’t need but need hunters declaration or trained person declaration in large wild game none for small wild game
4 ways an animal ends up in an abattoir .
-Open market - via auction or direct supply contract
-Direct to slaughter facility - farmer declaration
-emergency (on farm ) slaughter - veterinary declaration
- Fallen stock - NFSCo( national fallen stock company )
When is transport not an option ?
-emergency slaughter
-fallen stock
How does ante mortem inspection work with emergency slaughter ? and what are they looking for ?
-carried out by PVS on farm record favourable outcome on vet declaration
-is it emergency
-was it an accident
-was the animal healthy before the accident
-medicine withdrawals
-clean livestock policy
-can consult with plant OV for second opinion
True or false ; slaughterhouse owners are obliged to accept emergency slaughter animals .
False
Animal welfare , product quality and food safety consideration for slaughter
-if has disease or condition that may be transmitted to humans - exclude
-excessive contamination - exclude
-availability of someone to carry out emergency slaughter - if time likely to effect animal welfare then immediate destruction and disposal under FS scheme .
Different methods for slaughter of fallen stock .
-captive bolt stunner
-free bullet
-shotgun
-barbiturate
Legislation involved with emergency slaughter
-852/2004 - hygiene of foodstuffs - rules for food business operators including
-853/2004 - specific rules for food of animal origin e.g slaughter house operators
-854/2004 - rules for the organisation of official controls on products of animal origin intended for human consumption - including rules for ov slaughter
What laws regulate animals at market ?
-welfare of animals at market order 1990
-animal welfare act 2006
-welfare of farmed animals act 2007
-offense to present animals at market that are unfit
Laws that guide transport of animals .
-welfare of animals order 2006
-council regulations no1/2005 -allows for transport of midly lame animals
Who carries out an ante-mortem inspection ?
OV assisted by MHI ( meat hygeine inspector)
Animal welfare and food safety considerations in the lairage .
-accept animals don’t come from areas under disease control with movement restrictions
-only accept if satisfactory in terms of welfare and clean and healthy
- if lame kill first
What looking for at antemortem ?
- animal is clean
-ND
-any skin conditions ring worm
Animal welfare , food safety considerations of transport
-fit to travel
-if lame can be very painful journey
-only accept those that don’t come from an area under disease control with a ban on movement
-cleaning and disinfection of vechile - before new animals loaded - farmer and FBO’s responsibility
-nothing sharp
-loaded and unloaded correctly
Common presentations at post-mortem
-bottle jaw
-prolapse
-anthrax - sudden death - ND
-FMD and swine vesicular disease
-African swine fever and classical swine fever - haemorrhages in skin and internal organs and not eating - ND
-Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) -neurological signs - ND
-Scrapie in sheep and goats - pruritis ,ataxia , head tremors - ND
-other neurological conditions seen - louping ill , listeria monocytogenes , coenurus cerebralis , vestibular disease
-Blue tongue - discharge , drooling , ulcers in mouth , swelling mouth neck head , haemorrhage into or under skin , inflammation of coronary band - ND
- Brucellosis - swollen testes , infection of epididymis -ND but not in pigs
-sheep scab - psoroptes ovis - ND only in scotland
-contagious pustular dermatitis /orf
-ringworm
-papillomatosis - warts
-emaciation - badly under weight
-erysipelothrix rhusiophatiae - diamond disease - skin condition can effect heart ?
Why do we do Post mortem ?
-diseases
-animal welfare
-contamination
Who can carry out a post mortem check ?
MHI
OV
step by step of post mortem
-access head - masseter muscle (taenia saginata cysticercus bovis ) and lymph nodes
-access offal -green and red
-access carcase
true /false ; pigs marked at AM or during PM need further inspection procedure .
true
Cattle ; Name 3 conditions found in head
-cyticercus bovis
-hyatid cysts
-contamination
Cattle ; Name 3 conditions found in offal
-pneumonia
-pleurisy
-lung worm
-liver abcesses
-fluke mature
Cattle ; Name 3 conditions found in carcass
-abcesses
-cysticercus bovis
-joint lesions - arthritis
-bruising
Cattle name conditions which will result in total rejection
-oedema
-emaciation
-generalised TB
-multiple abscesses - pyaemia
-septicaemia
-hydatidosis
-jaundice
-navel or joint ill - in young animals
-abnormal odour - uraemia
-cysticercus bovis
-immaturity - less than 7 days old
-contaminated
Sheep/goat ; Name 3 conditions found in offal
-pneumonia - myoplasma like or pasturella like
-lung abscesses
-lung worm
-hyatid cysts
-cysticercus ovis
-cysticercus tenicollis
-very similar to cattle
Sheep/goat ; Name 3 conditions found in carcass
-abscesses
-bruising - traumatic , wool pull
-joint lesions
-cysticercus ovis
pig ; Name 3 conditions found in offal
-milk spot
peritonitis
pleurisy visceral
pneumonia
endocartitis
kidney lesions
pericarditis
abscesses
contamination
Total rejections in sheep/goat
septicaemia
jaundice
contamination
cysticercus ovis
hydatidosis
emaciation
generalised oedema
multiple abscesses - pyaemia
generalised tuberculosis
polyarthritis
contamination
pig ; Name 3 conditions found in carcase
joint lesions
abscesses
tail bite
papular dermititis like
erysiplas skin like
pleurisy parietal and visceral
fight marks
contamination
Total rejections in the pig
pyaemia - multiple abscesses
septic peritonitis and pleurisy
polyarthritis
emaciation
generalised oedema
septic pleurisy
processing fault
badly bled
anaemia
septicaemia
toxemia
jaundice
cystercosis
contamination
partial rejections
-localised cysticercus - if freeze
What sampling goes on at the abbatoir and by who
-aujezskys disease - national serum survey - OV or trained MHI - in boars only
-residues - VMD annual planning - OV or MHI
-trichinella - sample of tongue , diaphragm , masseter muscle in wild boar , in domestic pigs can freeze
Main public health hazard when it comes to wild boar .
trichinella
Who can conduct a post mortem inspection ?
-meat hygiene inspector
-official veterinarian -emergency slaughter or other unusual conditions
What is inspected in a post mortem ?
-head
-offal - green and red
-carcase
TRUE /FALSE pigs can be marked as visual inspection procedures or further inspection procedures at ante-mortem inspection
true and can be further investigated in post mortem
What are the options for the OV/MHI after the post mortem ?
-pass - fit for human consumption
-declare not fit for human consumption
-detain for further inspection
What type of things cause full carcass rejection ?
-emaciation
-jaundice
-fevered - septicaemia, toxaemia
-unborn or under 7 days
-generalised oedema
-abnormal odours - uraemia,,acetonemia
What do we sample at abbattoirs ?
-aujezskys disease
-residues - VMD annual planning
-trichinella
Where can we get trichinella from in our food ?
-pork - from swine , wild boar
*ZOONOTIC
Where will you find trichinella in the pig PM ?
-striated muscle
-diaphragm , tongue, masseter muscle
Who can do health marking ?
-OV
-MHI or FBO ( under supervision of OV )
Where can slaughtering without stunning be performed ?
needs to be abattoir approved by food standard agency
TRUE/FALSE all cattle tagged after 1998 should have a tag in each ear
true
When must beef cattle be tagged
tag with 1 and 2 before calf 21 days old
When must dairy calf be tagged ?
tag 1 before 36 hours , tag 2 before 21 days old
Approach to calf with missing ear tag in slaughterhouse
-check birthday
-alert APHA
TRUE/FALSE sheep need an EID or ear tag
true
TRUE/FALSE a cow with one ear tag can be slaughtered
true - if get license to
How does trichinella effect humans ?
cysts in muscle
Describe a TB lesion and where you’d find it
-cream/yellow granulomatous , purulent material in retropharyngeal lymph nodes
