SL 4 Flashcards
Adenosine triphosphate
Stores energy transferred from the breakdown of carbohydrates fats and proteins
Energy products of atp hydrolysis
ADP, pi, H
What processes in the body use atp
Oxidative phosphorylation, active transport, muscle contraction, endo and exo cytosis, building proteins
3 main metabolic pathways that transfer energy to atp
ATP-cp, phosphorylation via glycolytic pathways, oxidative phosphorylation
What process lets off phosphate as a bi product
Substrate level phosphorylation
Is ATP- CP anaerobic or aerobic
Anaerobic
Enzyme used in ATP-CP
Creatine kinase
Location of glycolysis
Cytosol
Important enzymes in glycolysis
Hexokinase, pfk
Net gain of atp in hydrolysis
2
Anaerobic pathway of pyruvate
Lactate
SLP
Aerobic pathway of glycolysis
Produces a lot atp through the kerbs cycle
Enzyme used in lactate production
LDH / lactate dehydrogenase
lactate production is
Reversible, by transferring Hydrogen atoms derived from NADH to pyruvate
Reactants of acetyl coa production
Pyruvate, coa-sh, nad+
Where does the production of acetyl coa take place
Mitochondria
Bi product of acetyl coa production
CO2
Where does the Citric acid cycle take place
Mitochondrial matrix
Important enzymes in citric acid cycle
Citrate synthase and isocitrate dehydrogenase
Rate limiting enzyme in citric acid cycle
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
How many atp are produced per Krebs cycle
One via GTP
High energy intermediates produced in citric acid cycle
3NADH and FADH2
The Krebs cycle is ____ but does not directly use ___
Aerobic, oxygen
Why is oxphos required for continuous cycles of kreb cycle
Regeneration of NAD+
Oxidative phosphorylation is a ____ process
Aerobic
What is the main source of atp at low to moderate levels of muscle contraction
Oxphos
Where are proteins that regulate oxphos found
Inner mitochondrial matrix
Clusters of adiopocytes make up
Adipose tissue
Hormone responsible for fat catabolism
Lipase
Location of beta oxidation
Mitochondrial matrix to break down fatty acids for energy
Type one fibers
Slow oxidative
Which type of muscle fiber is best for endurance
Type 1
Which muscle fiber type has the smallest diameter
Type 1
Characteristics of type 2X muscle fibres
- large diameter
- low capillaries
- low mitochondrial density
- low fatigue resistance
Type 2A muscle fibers
Fast oxidative
Steps of muscle examinations
- Muscle biopsy
- Tissue sectioning
- Tissue staining
- Analysis
Fatigue onset depends on
- Active myofibers type
- Intensity/ duration of contractile activity
- Fitness status of the individual
Peripheral fatigue
Due to factors distal of neuro muscular junction
Results from accumulation of metabolic products
Central fatigue
Due to factors proximal to the NMJ and results from changes within the nervous system, and leads to decreased motor neuron output
Peripheral fatigue metabolic effects
Reduced calcium release and reuptake by by SR, reduced sensitivity of the thin filaments to calcium, directly inhibit the binding/ power stroke of cross bridge
Central command fatigue
Muscles are not fatigued but the individual stops exercising
Function of satellite cells
Muscle growth and adaptation and regeneration
Load> tension muscle contraction
Isotonic eccentric
Neural effects that influence force generation
Frequency fiber is stimulated, and the number of muscle fibers stimulated
Physiological processes that require atp
OXPHOS, muscle contraction, endo and exocytosis
Metabolic bi products of anaerobic glycolysis
ADP hydrogen and lactate
Organs found in the CNS
brain and spinal cord
Astrocytes
Anchoring neurons to capillaries and supporting the formation of the blood brain barrier
Enzyme responsible for ATP-CP
Creatine kinase
Oxidative phosphorylation enzyme
ATP synthase
Anaerobic glycolysis / lactate production enzyme
Lactate dehydrogenase
Anaerobic glycolysis / lactate production
Lactate dehydrogenase
Krebs cycle enzyme
Citrate synthase
Pyruvate to acetyl coa reaction enzyme
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
First source of energy for immediate fast exercise
ATP -CP
Glycolysis enzymes
Hexokinase and pfk
Type 2B muscle fibers
Fast glycolytic
