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Kin 131 > SL 1-3 > Flashcards

SL 1-3 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

Physical structure + shape and size of the body

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2
Q

Physiology

A

Study of how living organisms function and work together

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3
Q

Myo

A

Relating to muscle

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4
Q

Pathy

A

Suffering or disease

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5
Q

Iso

A

Meaning equal

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6
Q

Anatomy is the structure that dictates the

A

Function of physiology

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7
Q

Systemic physiology

A

Study of how the whole organ systems function

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8
Q

Pathophysiology

A

Study of disease states and their effect on function

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9
Q

Homeostasis

A

Bodies regulatory mechanisms to keep systems at balance

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10
Q

Dynamic constancy

A

A given variable may fluctuate in the body short term, but is usually predictable in the long run

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11
Q

Steady state

A

State where a variable in a system is not changing because energy must be continuously added to maintain homeostatic condition

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12
Q

Afferent pathway

A

Information is sent towards the central nervous system

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13
Q

Efferent pathway

A

Moves away from CNS

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14
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Lipid soluble solutes will pass through phospholipid bilayer

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15
Q

Water molecules pass the lipid bilayer via

A

Osmosis through channel proteins/ aquporins

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16
Q

Polar substances pass the lipid bilayer by

A

Protein carriers

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17
Q

Endocytosis

A

Engulfing of substance in the ECF and enclosing in a vesicle

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18
Q

Cytosol

A

Fluid that suspends organelles

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19
Q

Inclusions

A

Commonly stored nutrients or substances that float in Cytosol or nucleus

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20
Q

Site of protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

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21
Q

Microfilaments

A

Involved in cell motility and changes cell shape

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22
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Resists pulling forces on cell

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23
Q

Microtubules

A

Determines overall shape and distribution of the organelles

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24
Q

Nucleolus

A

Assembly of ribosomes

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25
Q

Stratified

A

Refers to more then one layer of cells

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26
Q

Squamous cells

A

Flat like

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27
Q

Apical surface

A

Exposed to the body’s exterior or to the cavity of an internal organ

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28
Q

Basement membrane

A

The basement membrane is a thin, non-cellular, extracellular protein matrix that forms a specialized supporting sheet directly beneath the basal surfaces of all epithelial cells, separating them from underlying supporting tissues.

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29
Q

Chondrocytes

A

Cartilage tissue

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30
Q

Cardiac muscle is under —- control

A

Autonomic

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31
Q

What types of muscle are striated

A

Skeletal and cardiac

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32
Q

Which muscle types are multinucleated

A

Skeletal

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33
Q

Synapse

A

Connection between two neurons

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34
Q

Soma

A

Cell body of a neuron

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35
Q

Neuroglia cells

A

Non excitable

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36
Q

Compact bone

A

Dense and smooth

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37
Q

Spongy bone

A

Known as trabecular bone and is porous

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38
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft of the bone comprised on mainly compact bone

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39
Q

Epiphyses

A

Ends of long bones that make up the spongy bone covered by compact bone

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40
Q

Epiphyseal line

A

Cartilage that will turn to bone at the end of puberty

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41
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Covers epiphyses while increasing function at joints and reduces friction

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42
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Central cavity that is found in the diaphysis

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43
Q

Periosteum

A

Protective tissue that covers diaphysis

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44
Q

Endosteum

A

Connective tissue that lines the medullary cavity

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45
Q

Red bone marrow

A

Mostly found in epiphyses of long bones that is responsible for creating RBC

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46
Q

Yellow bone marrow

A

Found in medullary cavity that stores adipose tissue

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47
Q

Perforating fibers

A

Extensions of periosteum that anchors to bone

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48
Q

Central Haversian canal

A

allows for blood flow to supply the bone with oxygen and carry away waste. Nerves running through the canal keep a connection with the nervous system.

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49
Q

Perforating canal / volkmamns

A

Provide channels for blood vessels in central canals to connect to periosteum

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50
Q

Functional unit of bone

51
Q

Lacunae

A

Tiny cavities that house osteocytes

52
Q

Lamellae

A

Thin layers of matrix around lacunae

53
Q

Osteocyte

A

Mature bone cell

54
Q

Canaliculi

A

Provides a passage for nutrients and waste products

55
Q

Osteoprogenitor cell

A

Bone building stem cell

56
Q

Osteoblast deposit

A

Calcium into the matrix

57
Q

Secretes osteoid

A

Osteoblasts

58
Q

Multinucliated bone cell

A

Osteoclast

59
Q

Ossification

A

Process of producing new bone

60
Q

Osteolysis

A

Breaking down bone which it’s important for regulating calcium and phosphate concentrations

61
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

Mesenchymal cells differentiate into bone cells in utero

62
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes and then replaced by bone cells

63
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increasing in size not numbers

64
Q

High calcium concentration in plasma stimulates

A

Osteoblasts

65
Q

Low calcium in plasma stimulates

A

Osteoclasts

66
Q

Paget’s disease

A

Bone breaking cells are greater causing weak brittle bones

67
Q

Rickets

A

Disease in children where bones fail to calcify

68
Q

DEXA

A

measures mineral density and body composition

69
Q

DEXA greater then -1

A

Healthy bones

70
Q

DEXA less then -2.5

A

Osteoporosis

71
Q

Functions of the skeletal system

A
  1. To moves
  2. Venous return of blood to the heart
  3. Breathing
  4. Communication
  5. Thermogenesis
  6. Metabolic homeostasis
72
Q

Fascicles

A

Groups of muscle fibers that are bundled together to firm muscle

73
Q

Aponeurosis

A

Flat extensions of tendon that help connect muscle to bones

74
Q

Fascia

A

Band of fibrous connective tissue that surrounds muscle groups and other organs that is primarily made of collagen

75
Q

Superficial fascia

A

Separates the skin from muscle while providing insulation and muscle

76
Q

Deep fascia

A

Holds similar muscle groups together

77
Q

Epimysium

A

Surrounds the entire muscle

78
Q

Perimysium

A

Wraps muscle fascicles

79
Q

Endomysium

A

Deepest layer that wraps individual myofibrils

80
Q

Myonuclei

A

Found in muscle and are located on the periphery of the cell

81
Q

Satellite cells

A

Muscle stem cells that are important for adaptation and regeneration

82
Q

Satellite cell niche

A

Between sarcolemma and basal lamina

83
Q

Basal lamina

A

Layer of connective tissue that is deep to the the endomyisum and superficial to sarcollema

84
Q

Without a stimulus satellite cells will remain in a

A

Quiescent state

85
Q

When satellite cells differentiate they will

A

Donate their nucleus to become a myonucleus

86
Q

The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores

87
Q

Myofibrils are composed of

A

Myofilaments

88
Q

Actin

A

Thin filament

89
Q

Myosin

A

Thick filament

90
Q

Actin and myosin are arranged into structures called

A

Sarcomeres

91
Q

Functional unit of skeletal muscle

A

Sarcomeres

92
Q

The I band contains

A

Only actin

93
Q

H zone contains only

94
Q

The A band is

A

Zone overlap between actin and myosin

95
Q

M line

A

Middle of the H zone

96
Q

Z disk

A

Middle of the I band that contains proteins that connect then filaments of adjacent Sarcomeres

97
Q

Cross bridge cycling is also known as

A

Shortening of the Sarcomere

98
Q

Motor neuron

A

Innervates myofibers

99
Q

Motor unit

A

A motor neuron and all the myofibers it innervates

100
Q

Acetylcholinesterase

A

Degrades acetylcholine

101
Q

During cross bridge cycling

A

Actin slides over myosin being pulled closer to m line

102
Q

The thick filaments tail points towards

103
Q

Myosin molecule consists of

A

Both heavy and light chain proteins

104
Q

Shape of actin

A

Spherical proteins that are joined together in a helical shape

105
Q

Tropomyosin

A

Blocks binding site on actin when at rest

106
Q

Troponin

A

Anchors tropomyosin to actin at rest

107
Q

What binds to troponin

A

Actin, tropomyosin, calcium

108
Q

When there is low calcium levels muscle filaments

A

Remain at rest and binding sites are covered

109
Q

Calcium causes tropomyosin to

A

Shift and expose active sites

110
Q

Steps of cross bridge movement

A
  1. Calcium channels open on axon terminal
  2. Stimulates acetylcholine
  3. Exocytosis releases ca
  4. Sodium influx causes the sarcollema to depolarize
  5. T tubules will propagate a action potential
  6. Sarcoplama reticulum releases calcium
  7. Binding sites are uncovered
111
Q

Costsmeres

A

Proteins that link the Z disks of the outermost myofibrils to the sarcollema and ECM

112
Q

Costameres transmit

A

Force through adjacent Sarcomeres

113
Q

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

A

Genetic condition that leads to non functional protein of costamere leading to structural damage

114
Q

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

A

Genetic condition that leads to non functional protein of costamere leading to structural damage

115
Q

New protein that was found to stabilize actin

116
Q

Curare

A

Deadly poison that strongly binds the ACh receptors preventing acetylcholine from binding, stopping muscle contraction

117
Q

AChE inhibitors

A

Inhibits acetylcholinesterase to increase amount of acetylcholine is synaptic cleft and decrease chance that curare can bind

118
Q

In a isometric contraction

A

Load is equal to tension and no change in muscle length occurs

119
Q

Isotonic contraction

A

Muscle changes in length while the load remains constant

120
Q

What happens to cross bridge in a isotonic concentric contraction

A

Power stroke will occur and cause shortening of Sarcomeres

121
Q

What happens to cross bridge during a eccentric contraction

A

Load pulls cross bridge towards Z lines while they are still blind to actin and exerting force

122
Q

Tetanus

A

Maintained contraction in response to repetitive stimulation

123
Q

Factors influencing force generation in muscle contraction

A

Length of muscle fiber
Frequency of stimulation
Number of muscle fibers that have been stimulated
Muscle environment

Kin 131 (9 decks)

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