Skull lecture 3&4

Question 1

What bones is the skull made up of?

Answer 1

8 cranial bones
6 auditory ossicles
14 facial bones

Question 2

Name the cranial bones

Answer 2

Occipital
Parietal (2)
Frontal
Temporal (2)
Ethmoid
Sphenoid

Old people from Texas eat spiders

Question 3

Name the auditory ossicles

Answer 3

Malleus (2)
Incus (2)
Stapes (2)

Question 4

Name the facial bones

Answer 4

Zygomatic (2)
Lacrimal (2)
Palatine (2)
Maxilla (2)
Vomer
Nasal (2)
Inferior nasal concha (2)
Mandible

Zorro likes punching my very nose in

Question 5

Skull sutures

Answer 5

The major skull sutures connect cranial bones

• coronal suture (frontal and parietal)
• Sagittal suture cleft and right parietal)
• squamous suture (parietal and temporal)
• Iamdoid suture (occipital and parietal)

Question 6

Occipital cranial bone

Answer 6

• Prevents first at birth
• Forms most of posterior and base of skull
• Articulates with parietal and temporal bones , via lambdoid and occipitomastoid sutures

Question 7

4 parts of occipital cranial bone

Answer 7

• Squamous part
• condylar parts (2)
• basilar part

Question 8

When do the 4 parts of the occipital cranial bones fuse?

Answer 8

6 years old

Question 9

Parietal cranial bones

Answer 9

• Paired, forming superior and lateral aspects of skull

- Articulates with frontal, temporal and occipital and opposite panetal bones

Question 10

Frontal cranial bone

Answer 10

• Until birth, exists as paired bones divided by metopic suture
  Articulates with paired parietal bones via coronal suture
  -Forms root of orbit

Question 11

Ethmoid cranial bone

Answer 11

• Forms deepest part of skull

- Complex shape, with paired cribriform plates lateral to perpendicular plate

Question 12

Temporal cranial bone

Answer 12

• Zygomatic process of temporal bone joins with zygomatic bone to form zygomatic arch, or cheekbone

Question 13

Sphenoid cranial bone

Answer 13

• Butterfly shaped

- Articulates with all other cranial bones

Question 14

Zygomatic facial bone

Answer 14

-Front part of cheekbones
- forms zygomatic arch with zygomatic process of
temporal bone

Question 15

Lacrimal facial bone

Answer 15

• forms medial wall of orbit
• contains lacrimal fossa, allowing Passage of lacrimal sac , part of the passageway allowing tears to drain from eye surface to nasal cavity

Question 16

Palatine facial bone

Answer 16

Horizontal process of palatine forms posterior part of hard palate
Extending superiorly to this, the vertical plate lies between the sphenoid and posterior part of maxilla

Question 17

Maxilla face bone

Answer 17

• fused medially to form upper jaw
• articulates with all facial bones except mandible
• Forms anterior part of hard palate
• carries upper teeth
• forms most of floor of orbit

Question 18

Vomer facial bone

Answer 18

-Lies in nasal cavity and forms posterior and inferior part of nasal septum

Question 19

Inferior nasal conchae facial bone

Answer 19

Form part of lateral walls of nasal cavity

Question 20

Mandible facial bone

Answer 20

Formed of body and ramus, meeting at mandibular angle

- mandibular condyle articulates with temporal bone

Question 21

Malleus ear ossicle

Answer 21

Hammer

• Evolved from articular
• formed jaw articulation water quadrate in lineage leading to mammals

Question 22

Incus ear ossicle

Answer 22

Anvil

• evolved from quadrate
• Formed jaw articulation with articular in lineage leading to mammals

Question 23

Stapes ear ossicle

Answer 23

Stirrup

- known as columella in non-mammalian vertebrates

Question 24

Hyoid

Answer 24

• Difficult to assign to skull or rest of axial skeleton

- suspended from styled processes of temporal bone by stylohyoid ligament

Question 25

Primary dentition

Answer 25

20 teeth Upper jaw- central incisor, lateral incisor, canine, first molar and second molar Same on lower

Question 26

Permanent dentition

Answer 26

32 teeth | Central incisor, lateral incisor, canine, first premolar, second premolar, first molar, second molar, third molar

Question 27

Name the meninges

Answer 27

``` Skin Periosteum Bone Dura mater Arachnoid Pia mater Brain ```

Question 28

Layers of the scalp and skull

Answer 28

``` Hair Skin Connective tissue Blood vessels Aponeurosis Loose areolar tissue Periosteum Dipolë of skull Dura ```

Question 29

Cerebral contusion

Answer 29

Bruising to brain surface Caused by trauma of brain being thrown around inside skull Increased risk of seizure activity

Question 30

Subdural haematoma

Answer 30

Blood gathers between the inner layer of the dura mater Venous bleed Cause increase in intracranial pressure

Question 31

Extramural haematoma

Answer 31

When bleeding occurs between the tough outer membrane covering the brain and skull Arterial bleed

Question 32

Concussion

Answer 32

Mild traumatic brain injury caused by a blunt jolt or blow to the head Leads to stretching and damaging of brain cells and causes chemical changes in the brain

Question 33

Closed Fractures

Answer 33

Significant chance of associated intracranial haematoma

Question 34

Open fractures

Answer 34

Potential for serious infection Any foreign matter impaled in the skull should be left in place for removal by neurosurgeons

Question 35

Basilar skull fracture

Answer 35

``` A break of a bone at the base of the skull Raccoon eye Battle’s sign Bleeding from ear canal CSF leakage from ear or nose ```

Question 36

Intracerebral hematoma

Answer 36

Collection of blood within the skull

Question 37

Cerebral edema

Answer 37

``` When fluid builds up around the brain Cushing reflex Inc blood pressure Dec pulse rate Dec respiratory rate Increased intracranial pressure ```

Question 38

Assessment of acute head injury

Answer 38

``` Monitor: Blood pressure Heart rate Respiratory rate O2 saturation EKG Level of consciousness ```