Skeleton lecture 1&2 Flashcards
1
Q
Anatomical regions of the skeleton
A
Cranial - cranial skeleton (head)
Post - cranial - axial sheleton (vertebral column and thoracic cage) and appendicular skeleton (limbs, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle)
2
Q
Collar bone
A
Clavicle
3
Q
Upper arm bone
A
Humerus
4
Q
Bones of forearm
A
Lower- ulna upper - radius
5
Q
Bottom of spine
A
Sacrum
6
Q
Hip bone
A
Pelvis
7
Q
Thigh bone
A
Femur
8
Q
Knee bone
A
Patella
9
Q
Calf bones
A
Big- tibia small- fibula
10
Q
Ankle bone
A
Tarsals
11
Q
Foot bone
A
Metatarsals
12
Q
Toe bones
A
Phalanges
13
Q
Finger bones
A
Phalanges
14
Q
Hand bone
A
Metacarpals
15
Q
Wrist bone
A
Carpals
16
Q
Middle of chest bone (between ribs)
A
Sternum
17
Q
Shoulder blade bone
A
Scapula
18
Q
Vertebral column functions
A
Protects spinal cord
Transmits weight from skull to pelvis
Provides attachment point for ribs and muscles of back of neck
19
Q
What regions is the vertebral column divide d into
A
- Cervical vertebrae (c1-c7)
- Thoracic vertebrae ( T1 - T12)
- lumber vertebrae (L1 - L5)
- sacrum (5 fused vertebrae)
- coccyx ( 4 fused vertebrae)
20
Q
Shape of each region of vertebral column
A
- Cervical (concave)
- thoracic (convex)
- lumbar (concave)
- sacrum (convex)
The vertebral column is s-shaped
21
Q
Cervical vertebrae
A
C1-c7
C1 and c2 are atypical and highly specialised
C3-c7 are typical
22
Q
C1-c2 cervical vertebrae
A
- C1 (atlas)
- c2 (axis)
23
Q
Atlas
A
- Lacks body+ spinous processes
- superior articular facets house the occipital condyles of skull
- allows nodding movement of head
C1
24
Q
Axis
A
C2
- Odontoid process (dens) is the missing body of the atlas; fuses with axis during development
- allows head to rotate laterally
25
C3-c7 cervical vertebrae
Oval body
Spinous process is short (except c7) and bifid
Large, triangular vertebral foremen
Each transverse process has a transverse foramen to allow passage vertebral arteries to brain
The non-bifid spinous process of c7 is visible through skin
26
Spinous process
Bottom part of vertebrae
27
Vertebral foramen
Large hole in vertebrae
| allows passage of vertebral arteries to brain
28
Thoracic vertebrae
- Gradual transition from c7 to L1
- T1 - T12
- heart-shaped body with 2 demifacets on each side
- Circular vertebral foramen
- Long downwards - pointing spinous process
- transverse costal facets on transverse processes to articulate with the tubercles of ribs
29
Lumbar vertebrae
- L1-l5
- bear greatest load
- large, kidney shaped bodies
- short , flat spinous processes
- triangular vertebral foreman
30
Sacrum
- Formed by fusion of s1-s5
- articulates with L5, coccyx and iliac bones of pelvis
- Transverse ridges mark sites of vertebral fusion
- median sacral crest marks site of fusion of spinous process
31
Coccyx
- 4 fused vertebrae
- Articulates with sacrum
- only function is providing slight support for pelvic organs
32
Thoracic cage consists of:
- Thoracic vertebrae
- Ribs
- sternum
- costal cartilages
33
Thoracic cage shape
- Cone-shaped, wider at bottom
34
Thoracic cage function
- Protects heart and lungs
- provides support to pleural cavity during negative pressure of inspiration
- supports shoulder girdle and upper limbs
- provides attachment for muscles of neck, back, chest and shoulders
35
Ribs
- 12 pairs, all attached posteriorly to thoracic vertebrae
- ribs 1-7 are true ( or vertebrochondral) ribs, attaching directly to sternum via individual costal cartilages
- ribs 8-10 are false (still vertebrochondral) ribs, attached indirectly to sternum
- ribs 11-12 are vertebral or floating ribs without anterior attachments
36
Sternum
-Formed by fusion of three bones:
Manubrium (handle)
Body
Xiphoid (sword-shaped) process
37
What does the pectoral girdle consist of?
- Clavicle
| - Scapula
38
What do the upper limbs consist of?
- Humerus
- Radius
- Ulna
- carpals
- metacarpals
- Phalanges
39
What are the carpals made up of?
```
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetral
Pisiform
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate
```
Sally left the party to take Cathy home
40
What are the phalanges made up of? (Hand)
Proximal
Middle (except thumb)
Distal
41
Clavicle
Part of pectoral girdle
- s shaped
- braces shoulder, keeping upper limb away from midline
- thickened in people accustomed to heavy labour
- most frequently broken bone in body
42
Scapula
Part of pectoral girdle
- triangular; superior, medial and lateral borders
- overlies ribs 3-7
- lateral angle includes:
Acromion (articulates with clavicle)
Coracoid process (attachment for biceps brachii and other arm muscles)
Glenoid cavity ( articulates with head of humerus)
43
What is the pelvic girdle made up of?
Hip bones:
- Ilium
- Ischium
- pubis
44
What are the lower limbs made up of?
```
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
```
45
What are the tarsals made up of? (foot)
```
Medial/intermediate/lateral cuneiform bones
Talus
Calcaneus
Cuboid
Navicular
```
Medics in learning can certainly crucify the nurses
46
Pubic symphysis
Cartilaginous joint uniting Left and right pubis
| Used in forensic anthropology to estimate age of skeletons, since it wears at a predictable rate
47
Human skeletal sexual dimorphism
- Pelvis: iliac crest and general breadth
- pelvis: size of pelvic opening
- jaw is squarer in males
- brow ridges of males are heavier
- shoulder breadth
- Ribcage barreled in males, flatter in females
- sacral curvature (maybe rest of spine)
48
Axial skeleton
Skull spine and ribs
49
Appendicular skeleton
Arms and legs
