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Human Anatomy > Skeleton lecture 1&2 > Flashcards

Skeleton lecture 1&2 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomical regions of the skeleton

A

Cranial - cranial skeleton (head)
Post - cranial - axial sheleton (vertebral column and thoracic cage) and appendicular skeleton (limbs, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle)

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2
Q

Collar bone

A

Clavicle

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3
Q

Upper arm bone

A

Humerus

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4
Q

Bones of forearm

A

Lower- ulna upper - radius

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5
Q

Bottom of spine

A

Sacrum

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6
Q

Hip bone

A

Pelvis

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7
Q

Thigh bone

A

Femur

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8
Q

Knee bone

A

Patella

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9
Q

Calf bones

A

Big- tibia small- fibula

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10
Q

Ankle bone

A

Tarsals

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11
Q

Foot bone

A

Metatarsals

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12
Q

Toe bones

A

Phalanges

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13
Q

Finger bones

A

Phalanges

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14
Q

Hand bone

A

Metacarpals

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15
Q

Wrist bone

A

Carpals

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16
Q

Middle of chest bone (between ribs)

A

Sternum

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17
Q

Shoulder blade bone

A

Scapula

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18
Q

Vertebral column functions

A

Protects spinal cord
Transmits weight from skull to pelvis
Provides attachment point for ribs and muscles of back of neck

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19
Q

What regions is the vertebral column divide d into

A
  • Cervical vertebrae (c1-c7)
  • Thoracic vertebrae ( T1 - T12)
  • lumber vertebrae (L1 - L5)
  • sacrum (5 fused vertebrae)
  • coccyx ( 4 fused vertebrae)
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20
Q

Shape of each region of vertebral column

A
  • Cervical (concave)
  • thoracic (convex)
  • lumbar (concave)
  • sacrum (convex)

The vertebral column is s-shaped

21
Q

Cervical vertebrae

A

C1-c7
C1 and c2 are atypical and highly specialised
C3-c7 are typical

22
Q

C1-c2 cervical vertebrae

A
  • C1 (atlas)

- c2 (axis)

23
Q

Atlas

A
  • Lacks body+ spinous processes
  • superior articular facets house the occipital condyles of skull
  • allows nodding movement of head
    C1
24
Q

Axis

A

C2

  • Odontoid process (dens) is the missing body of the atlas; fuses with axis during development
  • allows head to rotate laterally
25
Q

C3-c7 cervical vertebrae

A

Oval body
Spinous process is short (except c7) and bifid
Large, triangular vertebral foremen
Each transverse process has a transverse foramen to allow passage vertebral arteries to brain
The non-bifid spinous process of c7 is visible through skin

26
Q

Spinous process

A

Bottom part of vertebrae

27
Q

Vertebral foramen

A

Large hole in vertebrae

allows passage of vertebral arteries to brain

28
Q

Thoracic vertebrae

A
  • Gradual transition from c7 to L1
  • T1 - T12
  • heart-shaped body with 2 demifacets on each side
  • Circular vertebral foramen
  • Long downwards - pointing spinous process
  • transverse costal facets on transverse processes to articulate with the tubercles of ribs
29
Q

Lumbar vertebrae

A
  • L1-l5
  • bear greatest load
  • large, kidney shaped bodies
  • short , flat spinous processes
  • triangular vertebral foreman
30
Q

Sacrum

A
  • Formed by fusion of s1-s5
  • articulates with L5, coccyx and iliac bones of pelvis
  • Transverse ridges mark sites of vertebral fusion
  • median sacral crest marks site of fusion of spinous process
31
Q

Coccyx

A
  • 4 fused vertebrae
  • Articulates with sacrum
  • only function is providing slight support for pelvic organs
32
Q

Thoracic cage consists of:

A
  • Thoracic vertebrae
  • Ribs
  • sternum
  • costal cartilages
33
Q

Thoracic cage shape

A
  • Cone-shaped, wider at bottom
34
Q

Thoracic cage function

A
  • Protects heart and lungs
  • provides support to pleural cavity during negative pressure of inspiration
  • supports shoulder girdle and upper limbs
  • provides attachment for muscles of neck, back, chest and shoulders
35
Q

Ribs

A
  • 12 pairs, all attached posteriorly to thoracic vertebrae
  • ribs 1-7 are true ( or vertebrochondral) ribs, attaching directly to sternum via individual costal cartilages
  • ribs 8-10 are false (still vertebrochondral) ribs, attached indirectly to sternum
  • ribs 11-12 are vertebral or floating ribs without anterior attachments
36
Q

Sternum

A

-Formed by fusion of three bones:
Manubrium (handle)
Body
Xiphoid (sword-shaped) process

37
Q

What does the pectoral girdle consist of?

A
  • Clavicle

- Scapula

38
Q

What do the upper limbs consist of?

A
  • Humerus
  • Radius
  • Ulna
  • carpals
  • metacarpals
  • Phalanges
39
Q

What are the carpals made up of?

A 
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetral
Pisiform
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate

Sally left the party to take Cathy home

40
Q

What are the phalanges made up of? (Hand)

A

Proximal
Middle (except thumb)
Distal

41
Q

Clavicle

A

Part of pectoral girdle

  • s shaped
  • braces shoulder, keeping upper limb away from midline
  • thickened in people accustomed to heavy labour
  • most frequently broken bone in body
42
Q

Scapula

A

Part of pectoral girdle
- triangular; superior, medial and lateral borders
- overlies ribs 3-7
- lateral angle includes:
Acromion (articulates with clavicle)
Coracoid process (attachment for biceps brachii and other arm muscles)
Glenoid cavity ( articulates with head of humerus)

43
Q

What is the pelvic girdle made up of?

A

Hip bones:

  • Ilium
  • Ischium
  • pubis
44
Q

What are the lower limbs made up of?

A 
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
45
Q

What are the tarsals made up of? (foot)

A 
Medial/intermediate/lateral cuneiform bones
Talus
Calcaneus
Cuboid
Navicular

Medics in learning can certainly crucify the nurses

46
Q

Pubic symphysis

A

Cartilaginous joint uniting Left and right pubis

Used in forensic anthropology to estimate age of skeletons, since it wears at a predictable rate

47
Q

Human skeletal sexual dimorphism

A
  • Pelvis: iliac crest and general breadth
  • pelvis: size of pelvic opening
  • jaw is squarer in males
  • brow ridges of males are heavier
  • shoulder breadth
  • Ribcage barreled in males, flatter in females
  • sacral curvature (maybe rest of spine)
48
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Skull spine and ribs

49
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Arms and legs

Human Anatomy (12 decks)

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