Skeleton lecture 1&2 Flashcards
Anatomical regions of the skeleton
Cranial - cranial skeleton (head)
Post - cranial - axial sheleton (vertebral column and thoracic cage) and appendicular skeleton (limbs, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle)
Collar bone
Clavicle
Upper arm bone
Humerus
Bones of forearm
Lower- ulna upper - radius
Bottom of spine
Sacrum
Hip bone
Pelvis
Thigh bone
Femur
Knee bone
Patella
Calf bones
Big- tibia small- fibula
Ankle bone
Tarsals
Foot bone
Metatarsals
Toe bones
Phalanges
Finger bones
Phalanges
Hand bone
Metacarpals
Wrist bone
Carpals
Middle of chest bone (between ribs)
Sternum
Shoulder blade bone
Scapula
Vertebral column functions
Protects spinal cord
Transmits weight from skull to pelvis
Provides attachment point for ribs and muscles of back of neck
What regions is the vertebral column divide d into
- Cervical vertebrae (c1-c7)
- Thoracic vertebrae ( T1 - T12)
- lumber vertebrae (L1 - L5)
- sacrum (5 fused vertebrae)
- coccyx ( 4 fused vertebrae)
Shape of each region of vertebral column
- Cervical (concave)
- thoracic (convex)
- lumbar (concave)
- sacrum (convex)
The vertebral column is s-shaped
Cervical vertebrae
C1-c7
C1 and c2 are atypical and highly specialised
C3-c7 are typical
C1-c2 cervical vertebrae
- C1 (atlas)
- c2 (axis)
Atlas
- Lacks body+ spinous processes
- superior articular facets house the occipital condyles of skull
- allows nodding movement of head
C1
Axis
C2
- Odontoid process (dens) is the missing body of the atlas; fuses with axis during development
- allows head to rotate laterally
C3-c7 cervical vertebrae
Oval body
Spinous process is short (except c7) and bifid
Large, triangular vertebral foremen
Each transverse process has a transverse foramen to allow passage vertebral arteries to brain
The non-bifid spinous process of c7 is visible through skin
Spinous process
Bottom part of vertebrae
Vertebral foramen
Large hole in vertebrae
allows passage of vertebral arteries to brain
Thoracic vertebrae
- Gradual transition from c7 to L1
- T1 - T12
- heart-shaped body with 2 demifacets on each side
- Circular vertebral foramen
- Long downwards - pointing spinous process
- transverse costal facets on transverse processes to articulate with the tubercles of ribs
Lumbar vertebrae
- L1-l5
- bear greatest load
- large, kidney shaped bodies
- short , flat spinous processes
- triangular vertebral foreman
Sacrum
- Formed by fusion of s1-s5
- articulates with L5, coccyx and iliac bones of pelvis
- Transverse ridges mark sites of vertebral fusion
- median sacral crest marks site of fusion of spinous process
Coccyx
- 4 fused vertebrae
- Articulates with sacrum
- only function is providing slight support for pelvic organs
Thoracic cage consists of:
- Thoracic vertebrae
- Ribs
- sternum
- costal cartilages
Thoracic cage shape
- Cone-shaped, wider at bottom
Thoracic cage function
- Protects heart and lungs
- provides support to pleural cavity during negative pressure of inspiration
- supports shoulder girdle and upper limbs
- provides attachment for muscles of neck, back, chest and shoulders
Ribs
- 12 pairs, all attached posteriorly to thoracic vertebrae
- ribs 1-7 are true ( or vertebrochondral) ribs, attaching directly to sternum via individual costal cartilages
- ribs 8-10 are false (still vertebrochondral) ribs, attached indirectly to sternum
- ribs 11-12 are vertebral or floating ribs without anterior attachments
Sternum
-Formed by fusion of three bones:
Manubrium (handle)
Body
Xiphoid (sword-shaped) process
What does the pectoral girdle consist of?
- Clavicle
- Scapula
What do the upper limbs consist of?
- Humerus
- Radius
- Ulna
- carpals
- metacarpals
- Phalanges
What are the carpals made up of?
Scaphoid Lunate Triquetral Pisiform Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate
Sally left the party to take Cathy home
What are the phalanges made up of? (Hand)
Proximal
Middle (except thumb)
Distal
Clavicle
Part of pectoral girdle
- s shaped
- braces shoulder, keeping upper limb away from midline
- thickened in people accustomed to heavy labour
- most frequently broken bone in body
Scapula
Part of pectoral girdle
- triangular; superior, medial and lateral borders
- overlies ribs 3-7
- lateral angle includes:
Acromion (articulates with clavicle)
Coracoid process (attachment for biceps brachii and other arm muscles)
Glenoid cavity ( articulates with head of humerus)
What is the pelvic girdle made up of?
Hip bones:
- Ilium
- Ischium
- pubis
What are the lower limbs made up of?
Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges
What are the tarsals made up of? (foot)
Medial/intermediate/lateral cuneiform bones Talus Calcaneus Cuboid Navicular
Medics in learning can certainly crucify the nurses
Pubic symphysis
Cartilaginous joint uniting Left and right pubis
Used in forensic anthropology to estimate age of skeletons, since it wears at a predictable rate
Human skeletal sexual dimorphism
- Pelvis: iliac crest and general breadth
- pelvis: size of pelvic opening
- jaw is squarer in males
- brow ridges of males are heavier
- shoulder breadth
- Ribcage barreled in males, flatter in females
- sacral curvature (maybe rest of spine)
Axial skeleton
Skull spine and ribs
Appendicular skeleton
Arms and legs
