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Human Anatomy > Muscles Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Muscles Lecture 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Muscle tissue functions

A

Movement
Maintenance of posture
Joint stabilisation
Heat generation

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2
Q

Muscle heat generation

A

Muscles generate heat as they contract; since skeletal muscle accounts for 40% of body mass, this is very important in maintaining body temperature

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3
Q

Properties of muscle tissue

A

Contractility
Excitability
Extensibility
Elasticity

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4
Q

Muscle contractility

A

Ability to shorten forcefully; unique to muscle

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5
Q

Muscle excitability

A

Responsiveness to stimulus

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6
Q

Muscle extensibility

A

Ability to be stretched, even beyond resting length

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7
Q

Muscle elasticity

A

Ability to return to original length after stretching

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8
Q

Types of muscle

A

Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle

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9
Q

Skeletal muscle location

A

Mostly attached to bones (skin for some facial muscles)

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10
Q

Location of cardiac muscle

A

Heart walks

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11
Q

Location of smooth muscles

A

Single unit muscle in walls of hollow visceral organs; multiunit in large arteries

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12
Q

Appearance of skeletal muscles

A

Long, multinucleate, cylindrical cells. Obvious striations

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13
Q

Appearance of cardiac muscle

A

Branching chains of cells; uni- or bi-nucleate; striations

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14
Q

Appearance of smooth muscle

A

Uninucleates. No striations

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15
Q

Which muscles have myofibrils composed of sarcomeres?

A 
Skeletal muscles
Cardiac muscles (but irregular thickness)
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16
Q

Regulation of contraction of skeletal muscles

A

Voluntary via somatic nervous system

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17
Q

Regulation of contraction of cardiac muscles

A

Involuntary via autonomic nervous system; hormones etc

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18
Q

Regulation of contraction of smooth muscle

A

Involuntary via autonomic nervous system; hormones etc

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19
Q

What muscles have a pacemaker?

A 
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle (in single unit muscle)
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20
Q

Skeletal muscle speed of contraction

A

Slow to fast

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21
Q

Cardiac muscle speed of contraction

A

Slow

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22
Q

Smooth muscle speed of contraction

A

Very slow

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23
Q

Which muscles have rhythmic contraction

A 
cardiac muscle 
smooth muscle (in single unit muscle)
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24
Q

Respiration in skeletal muscle

A

Aerobic and anaerobic

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25
Q

Respiration in cardiac muscles

A

aerobic respiration

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26
Q

Respiration in smooth muscle

A

Mostly aerobic respiration

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27
Q

Effects of nervous system excitation on skeletal muscles

A

Excitation

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28
Q

Effect of nervous system excitation on cardiac muscles

A

Excitation or inhibition 

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29
Q

Effect of nervous system excitation on smooth muscle

A

Excitation or inhibition

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30
Q

Muscles have points of origin and insertion

What does origin mean

A

The origin is the point which does not move when the muscle contracts

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31
Q

Muscles have points of origin and insertion

What does insertion mean

A

The insertion is the point which does move when the muscle contracts

32
Q

Different shapes of skeletal muscles

A 
Circular
Multipennate
Convergent
Parallel: fusiform
Parallel: strap-like
Bipennate
Unipennate
33
Q

Example of circular skeletal muscle

A

Orbicularis oris

34
Q

Example of multipennate skeletal muscle

A

Deltoid

35
Q

Example of convergent skeletal muscle

A

Pectoralis major

36
Q

Example of parallel: fusiform skeletal muscle

A

Biceps brachii

37
Q

Example of parallel: strap-like skeletal muscle

A

Sternocleidomastoid

38
Q

Example of bipennate skeletal muscle

A

Recuts femoris

39
Q

Example of unipennate skeletal muscle

A

Flexor pollicis longs

40
Q

Adduct

A

To move a structure towards the midline of the body

41
Q

Abduct

A

To move a structure away from the midline of the body

42
Q

Extend

A

To stretch limbs segments away from one another

43
Q

Flex

A

To contract limb segments closer to one another

44
Q

Pronate

A

To turn the face down (or palm up)

45
Q

Supinate

A

To turn face up (or palm up)

46
Q

Dorsiflex

A

To rotate the foot up

47
Q

Plantarflex

A

To Rotate the foot down

48
Q

Facial expression

A

The muscles that control facial expressions are unusual in that they insert into skin or other muscles rather than bones
Controlled by cranial nerve VII, the facial nerve

49
Q

Mastication

A 
(Chewing)
Four pairs of muscles:
Masseter 
Temporalis
Medial pterygoid 
Lateral pterygoid
All enervated by cranial nerve V, the trigeminal
50
Q

Muscles involved in mastication (chewing)

A

Masseter
Temporalis
Medial pterygoid
Lateral pterygoid

51
Q

Tongue movement

A

Extrinsic tongue muscles – genioglossus, hyoglossus and styloglossus
Enervated by cranial nerve XII, the hypoglossal

52
Q

Principal superficial muscles of the body: anterior

A 
Occipitofrontalis
Temporalis
Orbicularis oculi
Zygomaticus
Orbicularis oris
Masseter
Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius
53
Q

Principal superficial muscles of the body: posterior

A 
Temporalis
Occipitofrontalis
Masseter
Sternocleidomastoid 
Trapezius
54
Q

Muscles of the thorax and arm

A

In the arm, anterior muscles cause flexion; posterior muscles cause extension

55
Q

Principal superficial muscles of the body: anterior

A 
Tell told
Pectoralis major
Biceps brachii 
rectus abdominis
External oblique
Brachioradialis
Sartorius
Rectus femoris
Tibialis anterior
56
Q

Principal superficial muscles of the body: posterior

A 
Trapezius
Deltoid
Triceps brachii
Latissimus dorsi 
Gluteus maximus
Biceps femoris
Gastrocnemius 
Calcaneal (Achilles tendon)
57
Q

Types of joints

A

Synathroses (immovable joints)
Amphiarthroses (slightly moveable joints)
Diarthroses (freely moveable joints)

58
Q

Synarthroses

A 
Immovable joints
The edges of bones are in close proximity and in some cases interlock
Four major types of immovable joint:
Sutures
Gomphoses
Synchondroses
Synostoses
59
Q

Sutures

A

Located between the bones of the skull

60
Q

Gomphoses

A

Binding teeth to maxilla/mandible

61
Q

Synchondroses

A

Rigid cartilaginous bridges between two articulating bones

62
Q

Synostoses

A

A total rigid joint created when bones fuse completely

63
Q

Amphiarthroses

A 
Slightly movable joints
Connected by collagen fibres or cartilage
Of two principal types:
Syndesmoses-  connected by ligament
Symphyses- separated by cartilage
64
Q

Diathroses

A

Freely movable joints
Typically at ends of long bones
Contains synovial fluid


65
Q

Synovial fluid

A

Diartroses (synovial joints)
Lubricant
Aids nutrient distribution and waste disposal
Shock absorption

66
Q

Types of articular motion

A

Linear (Gliding) motion
Angular motion
Rotation

67
Q

Linear motion

A

Pencil remains vertical, but point moves across surface

Intercarpal and intertarsal joints

68
Q

Angular motion

A 
Tip remain stationary, the angle of shaft relative to surface changes
Flexion and extension of elbow
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Circumduction
69
Q

Rotation

A

Tip remains stationary, shaft held at constant angle to surface, but spins around its axis
Between C1 and C2

70
Q

Special types of movement

A 
Other types of movement that do not fit easily into the other three categories:
Pronation and supination
Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion
Protraction and retraction
Elevation and depression
Opposition
71
Q

Pronation and supination

A

Turning palm downwards and turning palm upwards

72
Q

Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion

A

Bending foot upwards and pressing down toes on accelerator

73
Q

Protraction and retraction

A

Moving the jaw forwards and backwards

74
Q

Elevation and depression

A

Lifting shoulders up and down

75
Q

Opposition

A

Touching thumb to fingers

76
Q

Types of synovial joint

A 
Plane joint (intercarpal joint)
Hinge joint (elbow joint)
Pivot joint (proximal radioulnar joint)
Condyloid joint (metacarpophalangeal joint)
Saddle joint (carpometacarpal joint of thumb)
Ball and socket joint (shoulder joint)
77
Q

Electric shock and muscular tetany

A

Electric shock causes contraction of flexors and extensors
The anatomy of the hand is more geared towards flexion than extension


Human Anatomy (12 decks)

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