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Human Anatomy > Muscles Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Muscles Lecture 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Muscle tissue functions

A

Movement
Maintenance of posture
Joint stabilisation
Heat generation

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2
Q

Muscle heat generation

A

Muscles generate heat as they contract; since skeletal muscle accounts for 40% of body mass, this is very important in maintaining body temperature

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3
Q

Properties of muscle tissue

A

Contractility
Excitability
Extensibility
Elasticity

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4
Q

Muscle contractility

A

Ability to shorten forcefully; unique to muscle

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5
Q

Muscle excitability

A

Responsiveness to stimulus

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6
Q

Muscle extensibility

A

Ability to be stretched, even beyond resting length

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7
Q

Muscle elasticity

A

Ability to return to original length after stretching

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8
Q

Types of muscle

A

Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle

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9
Q

Skeletal muscle location

A

Mostly attached to bones (skin for some facial muscles)

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10
Q

Location of cardiac muscle

A

Heart walks

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11
Q

Location of smooth muscles

A

Single unit muscle in walls of hollow visceral organs; multiunit in large arteries

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12
Q

Appearance of skeletal muscles

A

Long, multinucleate, cylindrical cells. Obvious striations

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13
Q

Appearance of cardiac muscle

A

Branching chains of cells; uni- or bi-nucleate; striations

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14
Q

Appearance of smooth muscle

A

Uninucleates. No striations

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15
Q

Which muscles have myofibrils composed of sarcomeres?

A 
Skeletal muscles
Cardiac muscles (but irregular thickness)
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16
Q

Regulation of contraction of skeletal muscles

A

Voluntary via somatic nervous system

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17
Q

Regulation of contraction of cardiac muscles

A

Involuntary via autonomic nervous system; hormones etc

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18
Q

Regulation of contraction of smooth muscle

A

Involuntary via autonomic nervous system; hormones etc

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19
Q

What muscles have a pacemaker?

A 
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle (in single unit muscle)
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20
Q

Skeletal muscle speed of contraction

A

Slow to fast

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21
Q

Cardiac muscle speed of contraction

A

Slow

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22
Q

Smooth muscle speed of contraction

A

Very slow

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23
Q

Which muscles have rhythmic contraction

A 
cardiac muscle 
smooth muscle (in single unit muscle)
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24
Q

Respiration in skeletal muscle

A

Aerobic and anaerobic

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25
Respiration in cardiac muscles
aerobic respiration
26
Respiration in smooth muscle
Mostly aerobic respiration
27
Effects of nervous system excitation on skeletal muscles
Excitation
28
Effect of nervous system excitation on cardiac muscles
Excitation or inhibition 
29
Effect of nervous system excitation on smooth muscle
Excitation or inhibition
30
Muscles have points of origin and insertion | What does origin mean
The origin is the point which does not move when the muscle contracts
31
Muscles have points of origin and insertion | What does insertion mean
The insertion is the point which does move when the muscle contracts
32
Different shapes of skeletal muscles
``` Circular Multipennate Convergent Parallel: fusiform Parallel: strap-like Bipennate Unipennate ```
33
Example of circular skeletal muscle
Orbicularis oris
34
Example of multipennate skeletal muscle
Deltoid
35
Example of convergent skeletal muscle
Pectoralis major
36
Example of parallel: fusiform skeletal muscle
Biceps brachii
37
Example of parallel: strap-like skeletal muscle
Sternocleidomastoid
38
Example of bipennate skeletal muscle
Recuts femoris
39
Example of unipennate skeletal muscle
Flexor pollicis longs
40
Adduct
To move a structure towards the midline of the body
41
Abduct
To move a structure away from the midline of the body
42
Extend
To stretch limbs segments away from one another
43
Flex
To contract limb segments closer to one another
44
Pronate
To turn the face down (or palm up)
45
Supinate
To turn face up (or palm up)
46
Dorsiflex
To rotate the foot up
47
Plantarflex
To Rotate the foot down
48
Facial expression
The muscles that control facial expressions are unusual in that they insert into skin or other muscles rather than bones Controlled by cranial nerve VII, the facial nerve
49
Mastication
``` (Chewing) Four pairs of muscles: Masseter Temporalis Medial pterygoid Lateral pterygoid All enervated by cranial nerve V, the trigeminal ```
50
Muscles involved in mastication (chewing)
Masseter Temporalis Medial pterygoid Lateral pterygoid
51
Tongue movement
Extrinsic tongue muscles – genioglossus, hyoglossus and styloglossus Enervated by cranial nerve XII, the hypoglossal
52
Principal superficial muscles of the body: anterior
``` Occipitofrontalis Temporalis Orbicularis oculi Zygomaticus Orbicularis oris Masseter Sternocleidomastoid Trapezius ```
53
Principal superficial muscles of the body: posterior
``` Temporalis Occipitofrontalis Masseter Sternocleidomastoid Trapezius ```
54
Muscles of the thorax and arm
In the arm, anterior muscles cause flexion; posterior muscles cause extension
55
Principal superficial muscles of the body: anterior
``` Tell told Pectoralis major Biceps brachii rectus abdominis External oblique Brachioradialis Sartorius Rectus femoris Tibialis anterior ```
56
Principal superficial muscles of the body: posterior
``` Trapezius Deltoid Triceps brachii Latissimus dorsi Gluteus maximus Biceps femoris Gastrocnemius Calcaneal (Achilles tendon) ```
57
Types of joints
Synathroses (immovable joints) Amphiarthroses (slightly moveable joints) Diarthroses (freely moveable joints)
58
Synarthroses
``` Immovable joints The edges of bones are in close proximity and in some cases interlock Four major types of immovable joint: Sutures Gomphoses Synchondroses Synostoses ```
59
Sutures
Located between the bones of the skull
60
Gomphoses
Binding teeth to maxilla/mandible
61
Synchondroses
Rigid cartilaginous bridges between two articulating bones
62
Synostoses
A total rigid joint created when bones fuse completely
63
Amphiarthroses
``` Slightly movable joints Connected by collagen fibres or cartilage Of two principal types: Syndesmoses- connected by ligament Symphyses- separated by cartilage ```
64
Diathroses
Freely movable joints Typically at ends of long bones Contains synovial fluid 
65
Synovial fluid
Diartroses (synovial joints) Lubricant Aids nutrient distribution and waste disposal Shock absorption
66
Types of articular motion
Linear (Gliding) motion Angular motion Rotation
67
Linear motion
Pencil remains vertical, but point moves across surface | Intercarpal and intertarsal joints
68
Angular motion
``` Tip remain stationary, the angle of shaft relative to surface changes Flexion and extension of elbow Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Circumduction ```
69
Rotation
Tip remains stationary, shaft held at constant angle to surface, but spins around its axis Between C1 and C2
70
Special types of movement
``` Other types of movement that do not fit easily into the other three categories: Pronation and supination Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion Protraction and retraction Elevation and depression Opposition ```
71
Pronation and supination
Turning palm downwards and turning palm upwards
72
Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion
Bending foot upwards and pressing down toes on accelerator
73
Protraction and retraction
Moving the jaw forwards and backwards
74
Elevation and depression
Lifting shoulders up and down
75
Opposition
Touching thumb to fingers
76
Types of synovial joint
``` Plane joint (intercarpal joint) Hinge joint (elbow joint) Pivot joint (proximal radioulnar joint) Condyloid joint (metacarpophalangeal joint) Saddle joint (carpometacarpal joint of thumb) Ball and socket joint (shoulder joint) ```
77
Electric shock and muscular tetany
Electric shock causes contraction of flexors and extensors The anatomy of the hand is more geared towards flexion than extension 

Human Anatomy (12 decks)

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