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Human Anatomy > Nervous system Lecture 9&10 > Flashcards

Nervous system Lecture 9&10 Flashcards

1
Q

divisions of the nervous system

A

central,
peripheral, autonomic, somatic, visceral, sympathetic,
parasympathetic

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2
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

nervous tissue outside the CNS

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4
Q

special sensory receptors

A

monitor smell, taste, vision, balance and hearing

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5
Q

visceral sensory receptors

A

monitor internal organs

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6
Q

somatic sensory receptors

A

monitor skeletal muscles, joints and skin surface

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7
Q

somatic nervous system

A

skeletal muscles

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8
Q

spinal cord

A
  • The spinal cord is enclosed in the vertebral column and runs from foramen magnum of the skull to the level of L1 or L2
  • Provides communication to and from brain
  • Like the brain, protected by bone, meninges and cerebrospinal fluid
  • 31 pairs of spinal nerve roots issue from the spinal cord
  • Enlarged in cervical and lumbosacral regions, where the nerves serving the upper and lower limbs arise
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9
Q

where does the spinal cord run from

A

The spinal cord is enclosed in the vertebral column and runs from foramen magnum of the skull to the level of L1 or L2

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10
Q

Cauda equina

A

during development, vertebral column grows faster than spinal cord, so lower spinal nerves ‘chase’ their exit points inferiorly

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11
Q

spinal nerves

A

31 pairs of paired spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord
there can be 8 cervical nerves but only 7 cervical vertebrae
first 7 spinal nerves arise superior to the vertebrae for which they are named, spinal nerve 8 arises inferior to the 7th cervical vertebra

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12
Q

how many spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord

A

31

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13
Q

somatic spinal nerve

A

each spinal nerve attaches to the spinal cord via dorsal and ventral root
these unite to form a spinal nerve before emerging from intervertebral foramina
spinal nerves are short (1-2cm); almost immediately after emerging from foramen, they divide into a dorsal (posterior) ramus and a ventral (anterior) ramus and a tiny meningeal ramus that innervate meninges and blood vessels

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14
Q

dorsal roots

A

contain sensory (afferent) fibres

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15
Q

ventral roots

A

contain motor (efferent) fibres

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16
Q

pattern of somatic sensory innervation of the skin

A

the area of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve is called a dermatome
hilton’s law: any nerve serving a muscle that produces a movement at a joint also innervates the joint and the skin over the joint

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17
Q

BRACHIAL PLEXUS

A 
nerves to the arm
• Musculocutaneous
• Median – muscles of the underside of
the forearm, including wrist flexors and
flexors of the thumb and first 2 fingers
• Ulnar – muscles of the underside of the
forearm, plus flexors of digit 4 and 5
• Radial – muscles on the back of the
forearm, which extend to the wrist and
all fingers
• Axillary
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18
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

regulates glands, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle
uses two-neuron chain
-preganglionic neuron
-postganglionic neuron

SYMPATHETIC
PARASYMPATHETIC

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19
Q

preganglionic neuron

A

ANS

from brain or spinal cord to autonomic ganglion outside CNS

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20
Q

postganglionic neuron

A

ANS

from ganglion to effector organ

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21
Q

sympathetic ns

A 
expends energy (catabolic) or stimulates 
spinal nerves T1-L2
22
Q

parasympathetic ns

A 
conserves energy (anabolic) or calms
CN 3, 7, 9, 10 and S2-4
23
Q

anabolic

A

conserves energy

anabolic substances tend to promote cell growth

24
Q

catabolic

A

expends energy

catabolic substances promote energy release

25
Q

parasympathetic division

A

• Anatomically simpler
• Also called craniosacral division as fibres
originate at opposite ends of CNS
• Eye, salivary glands, heart, lungs, stomach, pancreas, liver and gall-bladder served by cranial outflow
• Bladder and genitals served by sacral outflow
• Ganglia close to target organs
• Postganglionic fibres shorter than preganglionic fibres

26
Q

sympathetic division

A
  • More complex; innervates more organs
  • Arise from T1 to L2
  • Ganglia close to spinal cord
  • Postganglionic fibres longer than preganglionic fibres
27
Q

major divisions of the brain

A

forebrain
midbrain
hindbrain

28
Q

frontal lobe

A

thinking, memory, behaviour and movement

29
Q

temporal lobe

A

hearing, learning and feelings

30
Q

parietal lobe

A

language and touch

31
Q

OCCIPITAL lobe

A

sight

32
Q

cerebellum

A

balance and coordination

33
Q

brainstem

A

breathing, heart rate and temperature

34
Q

meninges

A 
dura mater
arachnoid
pia mater
functions:
- Cover and protect CNS
- Protect blood vessels
- Contain cerebrospinal fluid
- Form partitions in the skull
Meninges cover and protect the spinal cord as well.
35
Q

When does human life begin?

There are 7 scientific views.

A 
metabolic view
genetic
embryological 
immunological
ecological/technological
neurological
integrated psychological
36
Q

pregnancy

A

from fertilisation to birth

37
Q

gestation

A

from last menstruation to birth

38
Q

embryo

A

from fertilisation to week 8

39
Q

foetus

A

= from week 9 to birth

40
Q

infant

A

from birth

41
Q

pregnancy week 1

A

Fertilisation,
morula,
blastocyte,
implantation

42
Q

pregnancy week 2

A

Bilaminar embryo,
placenta and membranes,
gastrulation

43
Q

pregnancy week 3

A

Gastrulation (germ layers),
neurulation (neural tube),
early circulatory system

44
Q

pregnancy week 4

A

Protoheart beats,
branchial arches,
limb buds

45
Q

pregnancy week 5-8

A

Organogenesis
, face, limb differentiation,
external genitalia

46
Q

pregnancy week 9-38

A

Brain growth,
neural connections,
size growth

47
Q

fertilisation

A

Oocyte and sperm fuse to form the zygote, this is fertilisation.
• Oocytes are viable for 12-24h after leaving the ovary
• Sperm is able to fertilise the oocyte for 24-48h after ejaculation
• So, coitus has to occur between 2 days prior ovulation to 1 day after for fertilisation to be successful
• Sperm capacitation = newly ejaculated sperm cannot penetrate the oocyte; they need to be capacitated. Sperm mobility is enhanced and membrane broken down, it is achieved by female reproductive tract

48
Q

first week of embryo development

A

morula and blastocyte
At the start of this week, you ovulate. Your egg is fertilized 12 to 24 hours later if a sperm penetrates it – and this simple biological occurrence begins a series of increasingly complicated processes that leads to a new human life, if all goes well. Over the next several days, the fertilized egg will start dividing into multiple cells as it travels down the fallopian tube, enters your uterus. In the uterus, the cells continue to divide, becoming a hollow ball of cells called a blastocyst. The blastocyst implants in the wall of the uterus about 6 days after fertilization.

49
Q

SECOND WEEK OF EMBRYONIC

DEVELOPMENT

A

bilaminar embryo forms

the epiblast and the hypoblast are sandwiched between two balloons: the primitive yolk sac and the amniotic cavity

50
Q

THIRD WEEK OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT

A

trilaminar embryo
ectoderm (epidermis and cns),
mesoderm (musculoskeletal; cardiovascular and urogenital systems)
and endoderm (lining of gastrointestinal tract)

51
Q

WEEK 3 and 4 of embryonic development

A

neurulation (brain and spinal cord)
notochord forms from mesoderm cells
signals from notochord cause inward folding of ectoderm at the neural plate
ends of neural plate fuse and disconnect to form an autonomous neural tube

52
Q

the notochord

A
  • Defines the body’s axis
  • Provides support
  • Basis of axial skeleton (bones of head and vertebral column)
  • Indicates future site of vertebral bodies
  • Mesodermal cells immediately below the primitive streak aggregate, forming a rod of mesodermal cells called the notochord
  • Eventually disappears as vertebrae bodies form, but persists as nucleus pulposus of each vertebral disc

Human Anatomy (12 decks)

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