Skull/Development of Neck/Cranial Fossa & Suboccipital Region Flashcards
Fontanelle
Fibrous sutures where several bones meet
Anterior Fontanelle
Closes around 18-24 months
Posterior Fontanelle
Closes around 9 months
Thyroglossal Duct Cyst
Appear in midline above, wrapped around, or below hyoid
Move up/down when swallowing & protruding the tongue (interfering w/ swallowing)
Infected during childhood -> surgical removal is recommended
Cleft Lip
When medial nasal process fails to fuse w/ the maxillary process
Dura Mater
Tough connective tissue that supports and protects brain
Divide into 2 layers - outer endosteal & meningeal
Arachnoid Mater
Serves as fluid barrier
Filled with CSF
Pia Mater
Covers brain’s surface
Extradural/Epidural Space
Superficial to dura mater
Subdural Space
Between due and fluid impermeable layer of arachnoid mater
Subarachnoid Space
Filled w/ CSF
Epidural Hemorrhage
Accumulation of blood can compress brain between dura mater & bone
Caused by skull fracture
Progression of Epidural Hemorrhage
To herniation or death w/o surgery
Subdural Hemorrhage
Blood accumulation between dura & arachnoid mater
Occurs from relatively minor trauma
Subdural Hemorrhage Characteristics
Acute or chronic spending on pressure of the vessel torn
Children & aged adults w/ brain atrophy at greatest risk
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Rupture of aneurysm
Produces blood w/in CSF & spinal tap will be bloody
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Symptoms
Severe headache
Stiff neck
Loss of consciousness
Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Often from hypertension & results in paralytic strokes
Venous Sinuses of Dura Mater
Between 2 layers of dura
Carry blood from brain
Arachnoid VIlli
Main site of CSF passage into venous blood
CSF
Mechanical & protective support of brain
Serves as ion sink for brain excitability
Flow of CSF
Produces in choroid plexuses w/ lateral, third, & fourth ventricles → Interventricular foramina → Third ventricle → Cerebral aqueduct → Fourth ventricle → Median or lateral apertures → Absorbed into venous blood through the arachnoid villi
Blood to brain comes from
Internal carotid
Vertebral arteries
Tension-type headache
Episodic & chronic
Miscellaneous headaches unassociated with lesion
Ice cream
Sex
Head trauma associated headache
Acute & Chronic posttraumatic headache
Headache w/ vascular disorder
Stroke
Sub-epidural hematoma
Headache w/ nonvascular disorder
High & low CSF pressure
Headache w/ acute substance use/withdrawal
Caffeine
MSG
Nitrate/nitrite
Headache w/ noncephalic infection
Systemic viral
Metabolic disorder headaches
High altitude
Hypoglycemia
Cranial neuralgia, nerve trunk pain & differentiated pain
Herpes zoster
Trigeminal neuralgia
Suboccipital Triangle
Formed by rectus capitis major, obliquus capitis inferior and obliquus capitis superior
Suboccipital triangle contains
Vertebral artery
Suboccipital nerve
“Yes” Joint
Atlas & occipital bone junction
Stabilized by posterior/anterior atlanto-occipital membrane
“No” Joint
Atlas & axis articulation
Cruciform ligament holds atlas to dens
Alar ligament joints dens to occipital condyle
Whiplash
Hyperextension/flexion of neck by sudden forward acceleration
Anterior longitudinal ligament & anterior neck muscles are stretched/torn
Whiplash Complications
Intervertebral disc rupture
Hangman’s
Breakage of dens
