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Skin Care > Skin Pathologies > Flashcards

Skin Pathologies Flashcards

skin lesions, skin diseases and disorders

1
Q

What is a rash?

A

temporary eruptions of the skin, such as those associated with childhood diseases like measles, diaper rash, allergic reaction, heat etc.

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2
Q

define erythematous

A

redness

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3
Q

define purpuric

A

containing blood

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4
Q

what is pruritis?

A

the sensation of itching

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5
Q

what is a lesion?

A

structural changes in the tissues caused by damage or injury. any mark, symptom, or abnormality is described as a lesion

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6
Q

describe a primary lesion

A

a lesion in the early stages of change/development. generally present at birth or acquired over time

  • flat
  • no palpable changes in skin colour
  • slight elevations caused by fluid in a cavity (e.g. vesicle or a pustule)
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7
Q

describe a secondary lesion

A

secondary lesions develop in the later stages of disease and change the structure of the tissue

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8
Q

bulla

A

primary

  • a large blister containing watery fluid
  • same as vesicle only larger (greater than 0.5 cm)
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9
Q

cyst

A

primary lesion

-closed abnormally developed sac containing fluid, infection or other matter above or below the skin

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10
Q

macule

A

primary

  • a flat spot/discolouration on the skin such as a freckle or red spot, left after a pimple has healed
  • neither raised nor sunken, less than 1 cm in diameter
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11
Q

nodule

A

primary lesion

-often referred to as a tumour, smaller bumps caused by conditions such as scar tissue, fatty deposits or infections

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12
Q

papule

A

primary

  • small elevation on the skin that contains no fluid, but may develop into a pustule
  • less than 0.5 cm in diameter, may vary in colour an texture
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13
Q

pustule

A

primary

  • an inflamed papule with a white or yellow center containing pus, a fluid consisting of white blood cells, bacteria and other debris
  • less than 0.5 cm in diameter
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14
Q

tubercle

A

primary lesion

-an abnormal rounded, solid lump, larger than a papule

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15
Q

tumour

A

primary

-a large nodule; an abnormal cell mass resulting from excessive cell multiplication

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16
Q

vesicle

A

primary

-a small blister or sac containing clear fluid, less than 0.5 cm

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17
Q

wheal

A

primary lesion

  • an itchy, swollen lesion caused by a blow, insect bite or sting or allergic reaction.
  • hives (urticaria) and mosquito bites are wheals
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18
Q

crust

A

secondary lesion

-dead cells formed over a wound or a blemish while it is healing, resulting in an accumulation of pus and sebum

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19
Q

excoriation

A

secondary

-a skin sore or abrasion produced by scratching/scraping

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20
Q

fissure

A

secondary

-a crack in the skin that penetrates the dermis (e.g. chapped lips)

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21
Q

keloids

A

secondary

-these are abnormal formations of scar tissue resulting from excessive growth of fibrous tissue

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22
Q

scale

A

secondary lesion

-flaky skin cells (e.g. excessive dandruff)

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23
Q

scar

A

secondary

-light coloured, slightly raised mark on the skin formed after an injury of the skin has healed

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24
Q

ulcer

A

secondary

-an open lesion in the skin or mucous membrane of the body filled w/pus

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25
Q

define dyschromia

A

abnormal pigmentation

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26
Q

what is hypopigmentation?

A

lack of pigment

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27
Q

describe vitiligo and its symptoms

A

hypopigmentation disorder:

  • white patches on skin that vary in size, often found on face, axilla, neck, hands and feet, not painful
  • areas burn easily in sunlight and enlarge over time
  • acquired condition, believed to be an autoimmune disorder causing an absence of melanocytes. no cure
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28
Q

describe albinism and its symptoms

A

hypopigmentation disorder :

  • congenital disorder in which there are a normal number of melanocytes but they are lacking the enzyme tyrosinase needed to produce melanin
  • pale/pink skin, white/yellow hair, light coloured or even pink eyes
  • hypersensitive to UV rays
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29
Q

what is hyperpigmentation?

A

an overproduction of pigment

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30
Q

describe melasma and its symptoms

A

hyperpigmentation disorder:

  • aka chloasma, darkened macules on the face triggered by hormonal changes (e.g. “pregnancy mask”)
  • common in all skin types but most prominent in darker skin, worsened by sun exposure
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31
Q

describe a tan/sunburn and its symptoms

A

hyperpigmentation disorder:

-change in pigmentation due to melanin production as a defense against UV

Sunburn symptoms:

  • mild = redness
  • severe = vesicle eruption, weakness, chills, fever, fatigue and pain
  • dark skin also burns, may appear greyish/grey-black

a tan is essentially visible skin and cell damage

32
Q

describe lentigenes

A

hyperpigmentation disorder:

  • black or brown flat spots usually found in sun-exposed areas
  • aka “liver spots”, sun spots”
  • lentigenes that that result from sunlight called “actinic/solar lentigenes”
  • cosmetic concern but may become malignant
33
Q

describe a stain

A

hyperpigmentation disorder
-abnormal brown or wine-coloured discolouration with a circular shape

-often appear in sun-exposed areas

34
Q

what is a birthmark?

A

Nevus (plur. nevi) any congenital pigmented blemish or spot on the skin

35
Q

Nevus

A

birthmark from abnormal pigmentation or dilated capillaries

36
Q

cafe au lait spot

A

flat and light brown birthmark

37
Q

port wine spot

A

flat, pink/red/purplish-red birthmark formed by a collection of superficial capillaries

38
Q

haemangioma

A

raised, small & bright red group of superficial blood vessels

  • 3 stages: proliferation, rest, involution (diminishment)
  • disappears by age 9
39
Q

freckles

A

benign, small tan to brown spots occurring on sun-exposed skin
-genetic trait, usually fades in adult life

40
Q

what is a mole?

A

-a pigmented nevus; a brownish spot ranging in colour from tan to bluish black

41
Q

nevocellular nevi

A

tan to deep brown moles, uniformly pigmented, small papules with well-defined and rounded borders`

42
Q

dysplastic nevi

A

larger than common moles with a flat, slightly raised, pebbly surface, darker in the centre with irregular borders

-have the potential to become malignant

43
Q

list & define the types skin hypertrophies

A
  1. Skin tags: soft, brown or flesh-coloured papules

2, Keratosis: a horny growth, wart-like lesions that have a stuck-on appearance ccause by a build-up of cells

  1. Keratosis Pilaris: redness & bumpiness in cheeks or upper arms caused by blocked follicles
  2. Actinic keratosis: pink or flesh-coloured pre-cancerous lesions that feel sharp/rough and result from sun damage
  3. Verruca: a wart, caused by a protrusion of the dermal papillae due to a viral infection
  4. Hyperkeratosis: thickening of the skin cause by a mass of keratinocytes
44
Q

define skin hypertrophy

A

abnormal growth on the skin `

45
Q

what is tinea?

A

a superficial fungal infection that feed on proteins, carbs on lipids

46
Q

tinea pedis

A

athletes foot: a fungus that affects the feet, ranging from mild-severe with a pleasant odour

47
Q

tinea corporis

A

ringworm: highly contagious, forms a ringed red pattern with elevated edges

48
Q

tinea capitis

A

tinea of the scalp (pytiriasis): associated with white patches found on the back of the head. lesions may vary in appearance and colour however, mild redness, crust or scale may be present

49
Q

what is impetigo?

A
  • a common superficial bacterial infection that appears as a small vesicle or as a large bulla on the body or face.
  • extremely contagious, infection is most common in children and in warm climates
50
Q

describe a wart

A
  • aka verruca, warts are common, benign papillomas

- an exaggeration of the skin’s natural structure with an irregular thickening caused by human papillomaviruses (HPV)

51
Q

describe the 2 types of herpes simplex?

A

Type 1: usually around the oral pharynx and spread by respiratory droplets or contact with infected saliva

Type 2: spread to other parts of the body and causes genital herpes. recurrence may be brough on by stress, sunlight or injury

52
Q

What is herpes zoster?

A

Shingles; an acute, local eruption distributed over a dermatome area of the skin, caused by chicken pox

53
Q

define acne

A
  • a chronic inflammatory skin disorder of the hair follicle and sebaceous glands characterized by comedones and blemishes.
  • inflammation of the sebaceous glands results from retained oil secretions or overproduction of oil due to hormones (androgens), trapped cells and excessive p.acne bacteria.
54
Q

What factors contribute to acne?

A

genetics, clogged follicles, bacteria, triggers like hormones, stress, cosmetics/skin care products, heat and humidity, over cleaning, self-trauma excoriation (itching/picking), nutrition and diet

55
Q

what is p.acne?

A
  • Propionibacterium acne bacteria, the bacteria responsible for acne vulgaris/simplex
  • constantly present in the follicles but kept in small numbers thanks to oxygen aerating the follicle
  • anaerobic (cannot survive in the presence of oxygen), meaning it thrives im follicles blocked from oxygen circulation to to overproduction of sebum, dirt, etc.
56
Q

describe the four grades of acne

A

Grade 1: Minor breakout, mostly open comedones, some closed comedones, and a few papules.
Grade 2: Many closed comedones, more open comedones and occasional papules and pustules.
Grade 3: Red and inflamed, many comedones, papules and pustules.
Grade 4: Cystic acne, cysts with comedones, papules and pustules and inflammation are present. Scar formation from tissue damage is common.

57
Q

what are sebacous cysts?

A
  • AKA steatoma common, benign swelling beneath the skin and filled with material composed of sebum and epithelial debris
  • mobile but attach to the skin by the remains of a sebaceous gland duct. They often become infected and have to be surgically removed
  • found on the face, scalp, back and anywhere that there are sebaceous ducts.
58
Q

describe acne vulgaris

A

the most common type of acne experienced by adolescents. genetically predisposed and my be triggered by stress. common on the face and neck and to a lesser extent the back, chest and shoulders

59
Q

describe acne conglobata

A
  • a chronic form of acne and occurs later in life.
  • comedones have multiple openings, most commonly on the back, buttocks and chest. discharge is odoriferous (smelly) and purulent or mucoid (filled with pus/mucus). Healing leaves deep keloid scars.
60
Q

what are the types of rosacea?

A
  1. Non-permanent: occuring before 20 yrs old, marked by episodes of blushing
  2. Permanent: blushing episodes become a permanent dark red erythema due to capillary congestion on the nose and cheeks
  3. acne rosacea: characterized by redness, comedones, papules, elevated areas, nodules (bumps), and in severe cases, cysts. It often resembles acne, but often there are no clogged pores or comedones present.
61
Q

what is rhinophyma?

A

development of rosacea into an irregular bulbous thickening of the nose, with the colour changing to a purplish-red.

62
Q

what is ocular rosacea?

A

rosacea occuring in the eye and eyeliuds, resulting in bloodshot eyes and swollen eyelids

63
Q

what is a comedone?

A

-a mass of hardened sebum and skin cells in a hair follicle. can be open (blackhead) or closed (whitehead)

64
Q

what is milia?

A

whitish, pearl-like masses of sebum and dead cells under the skin with no visible opening often mistakenly called whiteheads (whiteheads are similar but are soft) hardened and closed over.

65
Q

define “papule”

A

Small elevation on the skin that contains no fluid but may develop pus

66
Q

define “pustule”

A

raised, inflamed papule with a white or yellow center. It contains pus, fluid and bacteria produced by an infection, referred to as the head of the pimple.

67
Q

define “nodule”

A

small bumps caused by scar tissue, fatty deposits, or infections

68
Q

what is sebaceous hyperplasia?

A

Benign lesions frequently seen in oilier areas of the face. An overgrowth of the sebaceous gland, they appear similar to open comedones, often doughnut-shaped, with sebaceous material in the center.

69
Q

define “dermatitis”

A

An inflammatory condition of the skin.

3 types: atopic, contact, and seborrheic

70
Q

describe contact dermatitis

A
  • an inflammatory skin condition caused by an allergic reaction from contact with a substance or chemical
  • can be caused by either an allergic reaction or contact with an irritant
71
Q

describe atopic dermatitis

A
  • chronic, relapsing form of dermatitis. Irritants and allergens trigger reactions that include dry, cracking skin.
  • redness, itching, and dehydration of the dermatitis make the condition worse.
72
Q

describe seborrheic dermatitis

A
  • Recurring patches of white or yellowish inflammation often on the head, face and chest and back. Sometimes it is a chronic inflammation of the skin associated with oily skin and oily areas.
  • One cause is an inflammation of sebaceous glands. This condition is sometimes treated with cortisone creams. Seborrheic dermatitis is also a common form of eczema.
73
Q

what is eczema?

A

-an inflammatory, painful, itching disease of the skin; acute or chronic in nature, with dry or moist lesions. Avoid contact and skin care treatment if a client has eczema.

74
Q

what is psoriasis?

A

Psoriasis is a common papulosquamous disease characterized by red, thickened plaques with an overlying silvery-white scale. most commonly appears on the knees, elbow and scalp

75
Q

what is urticaria?

A

hives, characterized by red plaques called “wheals” that are accompanied by intense itching.

76
Q

describe the three main types of skin cancer

A

1) Malignant melanomas: -deadliest and rarest form of skin cancer. often arises from the melanocytes of a pre-existing mole. It metastasizes (spreads) rapidly and is often fatal if not treated immediately
- may have surface crust or bleed.

2) Basale cell carcinomas:
- most common and least severe because it seldom metastasize.
- It rises from the cells of the stratum basale and eventually invades the dermis; it often
- appears as light, pearly nodules; characteristics include sores, reddish patches, or a smooth growth with an elevated border.

3) Squamous cell carcinomas:
- characterized by red or pink scaly papules or nodules., open sores or crusty areas that do not heal and bleed easily.
- arises from keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum

3)

Skin Care (13 decks)

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